Quantum theory of light diffraction

At present, the theory of light diffraction only has the simple wave-optical approach. In this paper, we study light diffraction with the approach of relativistic quantum theory. We find that the slit length, slit width, slit thickness and wave-length of light have affected to the diffraction intensity and form of diffraction pattern. However, the effect of slit thickness on the diffraction pattern can not be explained by wave-optical approach, and it can be explained in quantum theory. We compare the theoretical results with single and multiple slits experiment data, and find the theoretical results are accordance with the experiment data. Otherwise, we give some theory prediction. We think all the new prediction will be tested by the light diffraction experiment.Comment: 10 page

Kvantna teorija difrakcije neutrona na mnogo pukotina

We study neutron multiple-slit diffraction with a quantum mechanical approach. For the double-slit diffraction, we obtain the following results: (1) when the ratio (d + a)/a = n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), orders n, 2n, 3n, · · · are missing in the diffraction pattern. (2) When the ratio of (d + a)/a /= n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), there isn’t any missing order in the diffraction pattern. For diffraction on N (N ≥ 3) slits, we obtain the following results: (1) There are N − 2 secondary maxima and N − 1 minima between the two principle maxima. (2) As the slit number N increases, the diffraction intensity increases and the peak widths become narrower. (3) As the slit width increases, the diffraction intensity increases and the pattern width becomes narrower. (4) When the two-slit distance d increases, the number of principle maxima increases and the pattern becomes narrower. (5) We find a new quantum effect that the slit thickness c has a large effect to the multiple-slit diffraction pattern. We think all predictions in this work can be tested by neutron multiple-slit diffraction experiments.Proučavamo difrakciju neutrona na mnogo pukotina kvantno-mehaničkim pristupom. Za dvije pukotine postigli smo ove ishode računa: (1) Kada je omjer (d + a)/a = n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), izostaju redovi n, 2n, 3n, · · · u difrakcijskoj slici. (2) Kada je (d + a)/a /= n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), svi se redovi javljaju u difrakcijskoj slici. Za difrakciju na N (N ≥ 3) pukotina dobili smo ove ishode: (1) Između dva osnovna maksimuma javljaju se N − 2 sekundarna maksimuma i N − 1 minimuma. (2) Kako se broj pukotina povećava, povećava se intenzitet difrakcijske slike i širine vrhova se smanje. (3) Kad se širina pukotina poveća, pojača se intenzitet difrakcije a vrhovi se suze. (4) Ako se poveća razmak pukotina d, poveća se broj glavnih maksimuma i oni se suze. (5) Nalazimo nov kvantni efekt da duljina pukotina c ima velik utjecaj na difrakcijsku sliku u slučaju mnogo pukotina. Vjerujemo da će se ishodi ovog rada provjeriti mjerenjem neutronske difrakcije na rešetci s mnogo pukotina

Function Photonic Crystals

In the paper, we present a new kind of function photonic crystals, which refractive index is a function of space position. Unlike conventional PCs, which structure grow from two materials, A and B, with different dielectric constants $\epsilon_{A}$ and $\epsilon_{B}$. By Fermat principle, we give the motion equations of light in one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional function photonic crystals. For one-dimensional function photonic crystals, we study the dispersion relation, band gap structure and transmissivity, and compare them with conventional photonic crystals. By choosing various refractive index distribution function $n(z)$, we can obtain more width or more narrow band gap structure than conventional photonic crystals.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1001.3793 by other authors; and text overlap with arXiv:1003.3524, arXiv:physics/0104088 by other authors without attributio

Kvantna teorija difrakcije neutrona na mnogo pukotina

We study neutron multiple-slit diffraction with a quantum mechanical approach. For the double-slit diffraction, we obtain the following results: (1) when the ratio (d + a)/a = n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), orders n, 2n, 3n, · · · are missing in the diffraction pattern. (2) When the ratio of (d + a)/a /= n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), there isn’t any missing order in the diffraction pattern. For diffraction on N (N ≥ 3) slits, we obtain the following results: (1) There are N − 2 secondary maxima and N − 1 minima between the two principle maxima. (2) As the slit number N increases, the diffraction intensity increases and the peak widths become narrower. (3) As the slit width increases, the diffraction intensity increases and the pattern width becomes narrower. (4) When the two-slit distance d increases, the number of principle maxima increases and the pattern becomes narrower. (5) We find a new quantum effect that the slit thickness c has a large effect to the multiple-slit diffraction pattern. We think all predictions in this work can be tested by neutron multiple-slit diffraction experiments.Proučavamo difrakciju neutrona na mnogo pukotina kvantno-mehaničkim pristupom. Za dvije pukotine postigli smo ove ishode računa: (1) Kada je omjer (d + a)/a = n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), izostaju redovi n, 2n, 3n, · · · u difrakcijskoj slici. (2) Kada je (d + a)/a /= n (n = 1, 2, 3, · · ·), svi se redovi javljaju u difrakcijskoj slici. Za difrakciju na N (N ≥ 3) pukotina dobili smo ove ishode: (1) Između dva osnovna maksimuma javljaju se N − 2 sekundarna maksimuma i N − 1 minimuma. (2) Kako se broj pukotina povećava, povećava se intenzitet difrakcijske slike i širine vrhova se smanje. (3) Kad se širina pukotina poveća, pojača se intenzitet difrakcije a vrhovi se suze. (4) Ako se poveća razmak pukotina d, poveća se broj glavnih maksimuma i oni se suze. (5) Nalazimo nov kvantni efekt da duljina pukotina c ima velik utjecaj na difrakcijsku sliku u slučaju mnogo pukotina. Vjerujemo da će se ishodi ovog rada provjeriti mjerenjem neutronske difrakcije na rešetci s mnogo pukotina

Quantum wave equation of photon

In this paper, we give the quantum wave equations of single photon when it is in the free or medium space. With these equations, we can study light interference and diffraction with quantum approach. Otherwise, they can be applied in quantum optics and photonic crystal.Comment: 8 pages, 0 figure

Testing quantum entanglement with local measurement

We propose to detect quantum entanglement by a condition of local measurments. We find that this condition can detect efficiently the pure entangled states for both discrete and continuous variable systems. It does not depend on interference of decoherence from noise and detection loss in some systems, which allows a loophole-free test in real experiments. In particular, it is a necessary condition for the violation of some generalized Bell inequalities.Comment: 5 page

Schr\"odinger equation of general potential

It is well known that the Schr\"odinger equation is only suitable for the particle in common potential $V(\vec{r},t)$. In this paper, a general Quantum Mechanics is proposed, where the Lagrangian is the general form. The new quantum wave equation can describe the particle which is in general potential $V(\vec{r}, \dot{\vec{r}}, t)$. We think these new quantum wave equations can be applied in many fields.Comment: 10 pages, 0 figures, accepted for publication in International Journal of Modern Physics B. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:0909.2995; and text overlap with arXiv:0711.3544 by other authors without attributio

Seminal Plasma Metabolome in Relation to Semen Quality and Urinary Phthalate Metabolites Among Chinese Adult Men

Background: A growing body of evidence has found links between endocrine disruptor phthalates and male reproductive disorders, but the mechanisms underlying these relationships are poorly known. Seminal plasma metabolomes may mediate associations of phthalate exposure with impaired semen quality. Objective: To identify seminal plasma metabolomes associated with poor semen quality and evaluate their associations with urinary phthalate metabolites among 660 Chinese adult men. Method: The seminal plasma metabolic profiles were acquired using an untargeted approach based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. We explored the differences in seminal plasma metabolites between participants with poor and good semen quality and evaluated cross-sectional associations between discriminatory metabolic biomarkers and urinary phthalate metabolites. Results: Differences between poor and good semen quality groups were observed in relation to 25 seminal plasma metabolites, mostly related to the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and acylcarnitine (all p \u3c 0.05). After adjusting for various confounders and multiple tests, metabolites were all significantly associated with one or more individual sperm quality parameters (motility, concentration, total count, and morphology) (all p \u3c 0.05). Among identified metabolic biomarkers, seminal plasma L-palmitoylcarnitine, linoelaidyl carnitine, and oleic acid were inversely associated with urinary mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), and seminal plasma L-acetylcarnitine was inversely associated with the proportion of di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate metabolites (DEHP) excreted as MEHP in urine (%MEHP) (all p \u3c 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that oleic acid and L-acetylcarnitine mediated significant proportions (6.7% and 17%, respectively) of the positive associations between urinary DEHP metabolites and the percentage of spermatozoa with an abnormal head. Conclusions: Elevated urinary phthalate metabolites may impact semen quality by causing metabolic disorders of seminal plasma PUFAs and acylcarnitine. These pathways warrant further investigation