Information processing in patients with early and continuously-treated phenylketonuria

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Smoothing of X-ray diffraction data and K (alpha)2 elimination using penalized likelihood and the composite link model

X-ray diffraction scans consist of series of counts; these numbers obey Poisson distributions with varying expected values. These scans are often smoothed and the K2 component is removed. This article proposes a framework in which both issues are treated. Penalized likelihood estimation is used to smooth the data. The penalty combines the Poisson log-likelihood and a measure for roughness based on ideas from generalized linear models. To remove the K doublet the model is extended using the composite link model. As a result the data are decomposed into two smooth components: a K1 and a K2 part. For both smoothing and K2 removal, the weight of the applied penalty is optimized automatically. The proposed methods are applied to experimental data and compared with the Savitzky–Golay algorithm for smoothing and the Rachinger method for K2 stripping. The new method shows better results with less local distortion. Freely available software in MATLAB and R has been developed.Materials Science and EngineeringMechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineerin

Contactless control of local surface buckling in photoaligned gold/liquid crystal polymer bilayers

Wrinkling is a powerful technique for the preparation of surface structures over large areas, but it is difficult to simultaneously control the direction, period, and amplitude of the wrinkles without resorting to complicated procedures. In this work, we demonstrate a wrinkling system consisting of a liquid crystal polymer network and a thin layer of gold, in which the direction of the wrinkles is controlled by the alignment of the liquid crystal molecules and the average amplitude and period are controlled by a high-intensity UV irradiation. The UV exposure represses the amplitude and period dictated by the total exposure. Using photoalignment and photomasks, we demonstrate an unprecedented control over the wrinkling parameters and were able to generate some striking optical patterns. The mechanism of the wrinkle suppression was investigated and appears to involve localized photodegradation at the polymer-gold interface, possibly due to the formation of mechanoradicals