Effet de l’hétérogénéité des paysages agricoles (composition et configuration) et de l’intensification des pratiques culturales sur la structure des communautés écologiques (oiseaux et adventices) en systèmes intensifs tempérés

Agricultural areas represent essential habitats for many species, but the agricultural intensification of the last decades has caused a significant decline in biodiversity. This intensification has consequences both at the local level in fields (fertilizer, pesticides, ploughing, decrease in cultivated crop diversity) and at the landscape level (homogenization, decrease in semi-natural habitats) and impacts both the spatial and temporal levels (decrease in crop rotation complexity). The main objective of this PhD was (i) to identify the structuring processes of bird and weed communities in space and time in changing and heterogeneous landscapes; (ii) to assess crop heterogeneity effects (composition and configuration), (iii) and the impact of more extensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on the stability and diversity of bird communities. We first assessed the role of environment as it related to dispersal and structuring of bird communities. Our results show a strong dispersal effect in open agricultural landscapes, as opposed to a dominant structuring effect of environment in more wooded agricultural landscapes. We conclude that bird communities could be more structured by a « mass effect » process in changing landscapes and by a « species sorting » process in stable landscapes.Secondly, we analyzed crop composition and configuration effects in an inter-site study (comparison between eight study sites in Europe and Canada), enabling us to check the generality of the effects we observed. We studied whether or not landscape heterogeneity was dependent on the overall intensification level or on the proportion of semi-natural habitats of the region. Our results show a positive effect of crop composition complexity, interacting with the semi-natural habitats and intensification levels (more diversity in complex landscapes with wooded areas and low intensification levels).Thirdly, we compared the relative importance of spatial and temporal components, and we tried to identify potential stabilizing factors for bird communities in response to the instability and unpredictability of agricultural landscapes. Our hypothesis is that agricultural landscape heterogeneity can act to ensure the stabilization of the local communities. Our results show a significant species turnover in space and time, and highlight the fact that perennial landscape habitats (hedgerows) as well as complex landscape configurations contribute to the stabilization of local communities over time. Finally, we assessed the effects of less intensive agricultural practices (organic farming) on weed community diversity at the landscape level. We tested the hypothesis that organic fields can constitute refuge areas and maintain weed diversity in agricultural landscapes via the dispersal processes at the meta-community level. Our results show the positive effects of organic farming on the richness of weed species for both conventional and organic fields, but positive effects were more pronounced in field boundaries and for rare species.In conclusion, this thesis shows that potential solutions exist to conciliate production and biodiversity in agro-ecosystems (according to the « land sharing » hypothesis) by the preservation or the restoration of crop diversity associated with the conservation of semi-natural habitats, and by supporting less intensive farms which can constitute source areas of biodiversity.Les milieux agricoles constituent des habitats essentiels pour de nombreuses espèces mais l’intensification agricole des dernières décennies a provoqué un fort déclin de la biodiversité. Cette intensification a des conséquences tant à l’échelle locale de la parcelle (engrais, pesticides, labour, perte de diversité des espèces cultivées) qu’à l’échelle du paysage (homogénéisation, perte des éléments semi-naturels) et a des dimensions tant spatiales que temporelles (simplification des rotations culturales). L’objectif général de cette thèse est donc (i) d’identifier les processus structurant les communautés dans le temps et l’espace en milieu changeant et hétérogène ; (ii) de tester l’influence de l’hétérogénéité des cultures en terme de composition et de configuration, (iii) ainsi que l’influence des pratiques agricoles plus extensives (agriculture biologique) sur la diversité et la stabilité des communautés.Nous avons premièrement évalué la part relative de l’environnement vs de la dispersion dans les processus d’assemblage des communautés d’oiseaux. Nos résultats mettent en avant un fort effet de la dispersion dans les milieux agricoles ouverts, par opposition à un effet dominant de l’environnement dans les milieux plus bocagers. Nous concluons que les communautés seraient plus structurées par des processus de type « mass effect » en milieu changeant et par des processus de type « species sorting » en milieux stables.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’effet de la composition et de la configuration des cultures à travers une analyse inter-sites (comparaison entre 8 sites d’étude en Europe et Canada) nous permettant de vérifier la généralité des effets observés. Nous avons testé si l’effet de l’hétérogénéité était dépendant du niveau d’intensification global de la région ou de sa composition en éléments semi-naturels. Nos résultats montrent globalement un effet positif de la composition en culture agissant en interaction avec les éléments boisés du paysage et dépendant du niveau d’intensification (plus de diversité dans les paysages complexes, boisés et de faible niveau d’intensification).Troisièmement, nous avons cherché à évaluer l’importance relative des composantes spatiales et temporelles et à mettre en évidence d’éventuels facteurs stabilisant les communautés d’oiseaux face à l’instabilité et l’imprédictibilité des milieux agricoles. Notre hypothèse était que l’hétérogénéité des milieux agricoles pourrait jouer un rôle d’assurance en stabilisant les communautés localement. Nos résultats montrent un turnover important des espèces dans le temps et l’espace et mettent en évidence que les éléments pérennes du paysage (haies) ainsi qu’une configuration complexe contribuent à stabiliser les communautés locales dans le temps. Enfin nous avons testé l’effet de pratiques agricoles moins intensives (agriculture biologique) à l’échelle du paysage sur la diversité des communautés d’adventices. Nous avons cherché à vérifier l’hypothèse que les parcelles gérées en agriculture biologiques pouvaient constituer des zones refuges et maintenir la diversité des adventices au sein des paysages agricoles via des phénomènes de dispersion à l’échelle de la méta-communauté. Nos résultats montrent un effet positif de l’agriculture biologique à l’échelle du paysage sur la richesse spécifique des champs conventionnels et biologiques, et principalement prononcé en bordure de champs et sur les espèces rares.En conclusion nous montrons que des solutions existent pour concilier production et biodiversité dans les agro-ecosystèmes (selon l’hypothèse de « land sharing ») via un maintien ou un rétablissement de la diversité des cultures associé à la préservation de zones semi-naturelles, ainsi que par le maintien dans les paysages d’exploitations gérées de manière moins intensives pouvant constituer des zones source de biodiversité

Custom 3D-Printed Implants for Acetabular Reconstruction: Intermediate-Term Functional and Radiographic Results

Background:The management of massive acetabular defects at the time of revision hip surgery is challenging. Severe pelvic bone loss and the heterogeneity and quality of the remaining bone stock can compromise the fixation and mechanical stability of the implant.Methods:We reviewed a database of consecutive patients who had undergone acetabular reconstruction with the use of a custom 3D-printed implant with a dual-mobility bearing for the treatment of Paprosky type-3B defects between 2016 and 2019. Functional and radiological outcomes were assessed.Results:A total of 26 patients (17 women and 9 men) with a minimum follow-up of 36 months (median, 53 months; range, 36 to 77 months) were identified. The median age at surgery was 69 years (range, 49 to 90 years), and 4 patients had pelvic discontinuity. The cumulative implant survivorship was 100%. The median Oxford Hip Score improved significantly from 8 (range, 2 to 21) preoperatively to 32 (range, 14 to 47) postoperatively (p = 0.0001). One patient had a transient sciatic nerve palsy, 1 hip dislocated 6 months postoperatively and was managed nonoperatively, and 1 infection recurred. No patient had a fracture. Radiographic evaluation showed bone ingrowth at the bone-implant interface in 24 patients (92%) at ≥12 months of follow-up and showed no evidence of implant loosening or migration at the latest follow-up (3 to 6 years).Conclusions:Excellent functional improvement, implant survivorship, and osseointegration were recorded in the patient cohort. Accurate preoperative planning and the adoption of custom 3D-printed implants showed promising results in complex revision hip surgery.Level of Evidence:Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence

Intramuscular fat in gluteus maximus for different levels of physical activity

We aimed to determine if gluteus maximus (GMAX) fat infiltration is associated with different levels of physical activity. Identifying and quantifying differences in the intramuscular fat content of GMAX in subjects with different levels of physical activity can provide a new tool to evaluate hip muscles health. This was a cross-sectional study involving seventy subjects that underwent Dixon MRI of the pelvis. The individuals were divided into four groups by levels of physical activity, from low to high: inactive patients due to hip pain; and low, medium and high physical activity groups of healthy subjects (HS) based on hours of exercise per week. We estimated the GMAX intramuscular fat content for each subject using automated measurements of fat fraction (FF) from Dixon images. The GMAX volume and lean volume were also measured and normalized by lean body mass. The effects of body mass index (BMI) and age were included in the statistical analysis. The patient group had a significantly higher FF than the three groups of HS (median values of 26.2%, 17.8%, 16.7% and 13.7% respectively, p < 0.001). The normalized lean volume was significantly larger in the high activity group compared to all the other groups (p < 0.001, p = 0.002 and p = 0.02). Employing a hierarchical linear regression analysis, we found that hip pain, low physical activity, female gender and high BMI were statistically significant predictors of increased GMAX fat infiltration

The variability of CT scan protocols for total hip arthroplasty: a call for harmonisation

CT is the principal imaging modality used for the pre-operative 3D planning and assessment of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The image quality offered by CT has a radiation penalty to the patient. Higher than necessary radiation exposure is of particular concern when imaging young patients and women of childbearing age, due to the greater risk of radiation-induced cancer in this group. A harmonised low-dose CT protocol is needed, evidenced by the huge variability in the 17 protocols reviewed. The majority of the protocols were incomplete, leading to uncertainty among radiographers when performing the scans. Only three protocols (20%) were optimised for both 'field of view' and image acquisition parameters. 10 protocols (60%) were optimised for 'field of view' only. These protocols included imaging of the relevant landmarks in the bony pelvis in addition to the knees - the reference for femoral anteversion. CT parameters, including the scanner kilovoltage (kV), milliamperage-time product (mAs) and slice thickness, must be optimised with a 'field of view' that includes the relevant bony landmarks. The recommended kV and mAs values were very wide ranging from 100 to 150 and from 100 to 250, respectively. The large variability that exists amongst the CT protocols illustrates the need for a more consistent low-dose CT protocol for the planning of THA. This must provide an optimal balance between image quality and radiation dose to the patient. Current CT scanners do not allow for measurements of functional pelvic orientation and additional upright imaging modalities are needed to augment them

Uncemented femoral stem orientation and position in total hip arthroplasty: A CT study

In total hip arthroplasty (THA), accurate positioning of components is important for the functionality and long life of the implant. Femoral component version has been underinvestigated when compared with the acetabular cup. Accurate prediction of the femoral version on the preoperative plan is particularly important because a well-fitting uncemented stem will, by definition, press-fit into a version that is dictated by the anatomy of the proximal femur. A better understanding of this has recently become an unmet need because of the increased use of uncemented stems and of preoperative image-based planning. We present the first, three-dimensional (3D) comparison between the planned and achieved orientation and position of the femoral components in THA. We propose a comparison method that uses the 3D models of a, computed tomography-generated (CT-generated), preoperative plan and a postoperative CT to obtain the discrepancy in the six possible degrees of freedom. We ran a prospective study (level 2 evidence) of 30 patients undergoing uncemented THA to quantify the discrepancy between planned and achieved femoral stem orientation and position. The discrepancy was low for femoral stem vertical position and leg length, and varus-valgus and anterior-posterior orientation. The discrepancy was higher for femoral version with a mean (±SD) of -1.5 ± 7.8 deg. Surgeons should be aware of the variability of the eventual position of uncemented stems in THA and acknowledge the risk of achieving a less-than-optimal femoral version, different from the preoperative 3D CT plan

Reference values for volume, fat content and shape of the hip abductor muscles in healthy individuals from Dixon MRI

Healthy hip abductor muscles are a good indicator of a healthy hip and an active lifestyle, as they are greatly involved in human daily activities. Fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy are associated with loss of strength, loss of mobility and hip disease. However, these variables have not been widely studied in this muscle group. We aimed to characterize the hip abductor muscles in a group of healthy individuals to establish reference values for volume, intramuscular fat content and shape of this muscle group. To achieve this, we executed a cross-sectional study using Dixon MRI scans of 51 healthy subjects. We used an automated segmentation method to label GMAX, GMED, GMIN and TFL muscles, measured normalized volume (NV) using lean body mass, fat fraction (FF) and lean muscle volume for each subject and computed non-parametric statistics for each variable grouped by sex and age. We measured these variables for each axial slice and created cross-sectional area and FF axial profiles for each muscle. Finally, we generated sex-specific atlases with FF statistical images. We measured median (IQR) NV values of 12.6 (10.8-13.8), 6.3 (5.6-6.7), 1.6 (1.4-1.7) and 0.8 (0.6-1.0) cm3/kg for GMAX, GMED, GMIN and TFL, and median (IQR) FF values of 12.3 (10.1-15.9)%, 9.8 (8.6-11.2)%, 10.0 (9.0-12.0)% and 10.2 (7.8-13.5)% respectively. FF values were significantly higher for females for the four muscles (p < 0.01), but there were no significant differences between the two age groups. When comparing individual muscles, we observed a significantly higher FF in GMAX than in the other muscles. The reported novel reference values and axial profiles for volume and FF of the hip abductors, together with male and female atlases, are tools that could potentially help to quantify and detect early the deteriorating effects of hip disease or sarcopenia

Organic fields sustain weed metacommunity dynamics in farmland landscapes

Agro-ecosystems constitute essential habitat for many organisms. Agricultural intensification, however, has caused a strong decline of farmland biodiversity. Organic farming (OF) is often presented as a more biodiversity-friendly practice, but the generality of the beneficial effects of OF is debated as the effects appear often species- and context-dependent, and current research has highlighted the need to quantify the relative effects of local- and landscape-scale management on farmland biodiversity. Yet very few studies have investigated the landscape-level effects of OF; that is to say, how the biodiversity of a field is affected by the presence or density of organically farmed fields in the surrounding landscape. We addressed this issue using the metacommunity framework, with weed species richness in winter wheat within an intensively farmed landscape in France as model system. Controlling for the effects of local and landscape structure, we showed that OF leads to higher local weed diversity and that the presence of OF in the landscape is associated with higher local weed biodiversity also for conventionally farmed fields, and may reach a similar biodiversity level to organic fields in field margins. Based on these results, we derive indications for improving the sustainable management of farming systems

Can custom 3D printed implants successfully reconstruct massive acetabular defects? A 3D-CT assessment

We report on the accuracy, measured with three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) postoperatively, in positioning custom 3D printed titanium components in patients with large acetabular defects. Twenty patients (13 females and 7 males) received custom-made acetabular implants between 2016 and 2018; the mean age was 66 years (SD = 11.6) and their mean body mass index was 28 (SD = 6.1). The median time to follow up was 25.5 months, range: 12 to 40 months. We describe a comparison method that uses the 3D models of CT-generated preoperative plans and the postoperative CT scans to quantify the discrepancy between planned and achieved component positions. Our primary outcome measures were the 3D-CT-measured difference between planned and achieved a component position in six degrees of freedom: center of rotation (CoR), component rotation, inclination (INC), and version (VER) of the cup. Our secondary outcome measures were: Oxford hip score, walking status, and complication rate. All components (100%) were positioned within 10 mm of planned CoR (in the three planes). Eighteen (95%) components were not rotated by more than 10° compared to the plan. Eleven (58%) components were positioned within 5° of planned cup angle (INC and VER). To date one complication has occurred, a periprosthetic fracture. This is the largest study in which postoperative 3D-CT measurements and clinical outcomes of custom-made acetabular components have been assessed. Accurate pre-op planning and the adoption of custom 3D printed implants show promising results in complex hip revision surgery

Gender similarities and differences in skeletal muscle and body composition: an MRI study of recreational cyclists

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to quantitatively evaluate whether there are muscle mass differences between male and female recreational cyclists and compare muscle quality and body composition in the pelvis region between two well-matched groups of fit and healthy male and female adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 45 female and 42 male recreational cyclists. The inclusion criteria for both groups were to have cycled more than 7000 km in the last year, have an absence of injuries and other health problems, have no contraindication to MRI, and be 30-65 years old. Our main outcome measures were fat fraction, as a measure of intramuscular fat (IMF) content, and volume of the gluteal muscles measured using Dixon MRI. The gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) volume was evaluated as a secondary measure. RESULTS: We found that there were no gender differences in the IMF content of gluteus maximus (GMAX, p=0.42), gluteus medius (GMED, p=0.69) and gluteus minimus (GMIN, p=0.06) muscles, despite women having more gluteal SAT (p<0.01). Men had larger gluteal muscles than women (p<0.01), but no differences were found when muscle volume was normalised by body weight (GMAX, p=0.54; GMED, p=0.14; GMIN, p=0.19). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that despite the recognised hormonal differences between men and women, there is gender equivalence in the muscle mass and quality of the gluteal muscles when matched for exercise and body weight. This new MRI study provides key information to better understand gender similarities and differences in skeletal muscle and body composition

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Hips of Runners Before and After their First Marathon Run: Does it Lead to Acute Changes?

BACKGROUND: No studies have focused on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the hips of marathoners, despite the popularity and injury risks of marathon running. PURPOSE: To understand the effect of preparing for and completing a marathon run (42 km) on runners’ hip joints by comparing MRI findings before and after their first marathon. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 28 healthy adults (14 males, 14 females; mean age, 32.4 years) were recruited after registering for their first marathon. They underwent 3-T MRI of both hips at 16 weeks before (time point 1) and 2 weeks after the marathon (time point 2). After the first MRI, 21 runners completed the standardized, 4 month--long training program and the marathon; 7 runners did not complete the training or the marathon. Specialist musculoskeletal radiologists reported and graded the hip joint structures using validated scoring systems. Participants completed the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS) at both imaging time points. RESULTS: At time point 1, MRI abnormalities of the hip joint were seen in 90% of participants and were located in at least 1 of these areas: labrum (29%), articular cartilage (7%), subchondral bone marrow (14%), tendons (17%), ligaments (14%), and muscles (31% had moderate muscle atrophy). At time point 2, only 2 of the 42 hips showed new findings: a small area of mild bone marrow edema appearance (nonweightbearing area of the hip and not attributable to running). There was no significant difference in HOOS between the 2 time points. Only 1 participant did not finish the training because of hip symptoms and thus did not run the marathon; however, symptoms resolved before the MRI at time point 2. Six other participants discontinued their training because of non–hip related issues: a knee injury, skin disease, a family bereavement, Achilles tendon injury, illness unrelated to training, and a foot injury unrelated to training. CONCLUSION: Runners who completed a 4-month beginner training program before their first marathon run, plus the race itself, showed no hip damage on 3-T MRI scans