Method-Level Bug Severity Prediction using Source Code Metrics and LLMs

In the past couple of decades, significant research efforts are devoted to the prediction of software bugs. However, most existing work in this domain treats all bugs the same, which is not the case in practice. It is important for a defect prediction method to estimate the severity of the identified bugs so that the higher-severity ones get immediate attention. In this study, we investigate source code metrics, source code representation using large language models (LLMs), and their combination in predicting bug severity labels of two prominent datasets. We leverage several source metrics at method-level granularity to train eight different machine-learning models. Our results suggest that Decision Tree and Random Forest models outperform other models regarding our several evaluation metrics. We then use the pre-trained CodeBERT LLM to study the source code representations' effectiveness in predicting bug severity. CodeBERT finetuning improves the bug severity prediction results significantly in the range of 29%-140% for several evaluation metrics, compared to the best classic prediction model on source code metric. Finally, we integrate source code metrics into CodeBERT as an additional input, using our two proposed architectures, which both enhance the CodeBERT model effectiveness

Predicting Candidate Epitopes on Ebola Virus for Possible Vaccine Development

Zaire ebolavirus, a member of family Filoviridae is the cause of hemorrhagic fever. Due to lack of appropriate antiviral or vaccine, this disease is very lethal. In this study, we tried to find epitopes for superficial glycoprotein and nucleoprotein of Zaire ebolavirus (that have high antigenicity for MHC I, II and B cells) by using in silico methods and immunoinformatics approach. By using CTLPred, SYFPEITHI and ProPred web applications for MHC class I and SYFPEITHI and ProPred1 web applications for MHC class II, we had been able to find epitopes (peptides) that have the highest score. Also ElliPro, IgPred and DiscoTope web tools had been performed to predict B cells conformational epitopes. Linear epitope prediction for B cell was performed with six methods from IEDB. All of the results that including candidate epitopes for T cells and B cells were reported. It was expected that these peptides could be stimulated immune response and used for designing the multipeptide vaccine against ZEV but these results should be reliable with experimental analysis

Measuring relative performance of banking industry using a DEA and TOPSIS

One of the primary concerns in banking industry is to measure the relative importance of banking industry using popular multi criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques such as data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In this paper, we use these two MCDM techniques to measure the relative efficiencies of 16 private and governmental banks in terms of electronic payment. There are three inputs with DEA methods including the number of issued cards, the number of ATM machines and the number of POSs and there are two outputs including the number of successful ATMs and the number of successful POSs transactions. The proposed study of this paper uses the necessary data of one of Iranian provinces and the results of the implementation of DEA and TOPSIS have indicated that 9 out of 16 banks were efficient. Our study also indicates that mean of relative efficiency for private banks was 82% while this number was 75% for governmental banks

Clinical Manifestations and Characterization of COVID-19 in Liver Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series

BACKGROUND፡ This systematic review is conducted to explore available information on clinical presentations, laboratory finding and outcomes of SARS-COV-2 in liver transplant patients.METHODS: We searched four databases for relevant terms related to COVID-19 and liver transplantation and collected both case reports and case series on liver transplantation published up to the end of September 2020.RESULTS: After initial screening of irrelevant articles, 25 studies were included and analyzed in this review. Among the 59 patients included,78.3% were over 50 years old, and 71.6% were males. The majority of patients (93.3%) were hospitalized. The most common presenting symptoms were fever (72.9%) followed by dyspnea and cough (54.2%). The majority of patients revealed a high level of CRP (64.3%). Moreover, high level ALT, AST and ALP were reported in 64.3, 37.5, 30.5 and 22.2% of patients. A total, 9(15.3%), of cases died as a result of complications of COVID-19. Chest radiographs were reported in 72.9%(43/59) of cases that 94% demonstrated radiologic evidence of abnormality.CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that the most prevalent symptoms and signs were fever, dyspnea and cough. Moreover, most patients were males and hospitalized. The rate of mortality and high level of CRP, ALT/AST and ALP is similar within the non-immune suppressed and general population. However, early detection of high level of serum CRP, ALT/AST and ALP combined with a clinical COVID-19 symptom and finding of CT scan may be used as an index for the presence and severity of the disease

4,4′-Bipyridinium bis­(2-carboxy­pyridine-3-carboxyl­ate)

The title salt, C10H10N2 2+·2C7H4NO4 − or (4,4′-bpyH2)(py-2,3-dcH)2, prepared by the reaction between pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (py-2,3-dcH2) and 4,4′-bipyridine (4,4′-bpy), consists of two anions and one centrosymmetric dication. In the crystal, there are two strong O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the two carboxyl­ate groups, with an O⋯O distance of 2.478 (1) Å, and an N—H⋯N hydrogen bond between the anion and cation, with an N⋯N distance of 2.743 (1) Å. These inter­actions, along with other O—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distances 3.621 (7) and 3.612 (7) Å] and ion pairing, lead to the formation of the three-dimensional structure

Assessment of the Relationship Between Facial and Dental Midlines with Anatomical Landmarks of the Face and Oral Cavity

Objective:The purpose of the present study was to determine the facial anatomical landmarks, in order of accuracy, closest to the midline of the face, as well as oral cavity midline, and to specify which intraoral anatomical landmarks are closer to the dental midline.Methods:Three commonly used anatomical landmarks including nasion, nose, and philtrum tips were marked clinically in 108 subjects. A frontal full-face digital image was used for midline analysis in accordance with the esthetic frame. Deviations from the facial and oral midlines were measured for the three clinical landmarks. Dental midline was considered as the fourth landmark. Alginate impressions were taken, and casts were analyzed under standardized conditions. The labial frenum and incisive papilla were marked. Cast images were taken and analyzed.Results:Data showed difference between the mean ratios of the selected anatomical landmarks and the facial and oral midlines (p≤0/05). The anatomical landmark hierarchies, in proximity to the facial midline, are commissural midlines, nasion, philtrum tip, nose tip, and dental midline, respectively. The anatomical landmark hierarchies, in proximity to the commissural midline, include dental midline, philtrum tip, nose tip, and nasion. The labial frenum was less deviated from the dental midline than the incisive papilla.Conclusion:With respect to shortcomings, the results showed that all of the anatomical landmarks were deviated from the facial and oral midlines. The order of proximity of the anatomical landmarks to the facial midline was as follows: commissural midline, nasion, philtrum, and dental midline

Correction: Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from an ancient apple variety 'Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini' against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.

Correction for 'Protective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts from an ancient apple variety 'Mela Rosa dei Monti Sibillini' against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats' by Hasan Yousefi-Manesh et al., Food Funct., 2019, 10, 7544–7552

Evaluation of aerobic bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of diabetic foot infections in Rasht, the North or Iran

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are one of the most frequently occurred complications of patients with poor-controlled diabetes mellitus. Diabetic foot infection (DFI) is increasing as a common problem and more than half of DFUs will be eventually infected. Here, we aimed to evaluate aerobic bacterial etiology and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of DFIs. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Razi educational and remedial Hospital in the North of Iran. From March to August, 2020 patients who were diagnosed as diabetic foot ulcer and attended to Razi hospital included in the study. In this study samples were collected from infected areas of diabetic foot ulcers. Standard microbiological methods were used to identify the isolates. The disc diffusion method was used to determine antimicrobial susceptibility on Mueller-Hinton agar following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Thirty-one patients enrolled in this study. They included 17 females (54.8%) and 14 males (45.2%). The mean age of patients was 62.8 years, ranging from 40 to 93 years old. Totally, six types of aerobic bacteria were isolated from patients. The most prevalent type was Escherichia coli (41.9%), followed by Klebsiella spp. (16.1%). The most effective antibiotic against Gram-negative bacteria were aminoglycosides. While, Staphylococcus aureus isolates mostly susceptible to tested antibiotics. Also, none of the isolated S. aureus were methicillin-resistance. The results of antimicrobial sensitivity showed that aminoglycosides might be suitable agents for empirical therapy in Iran. Regular monitoring of culture and sensitivity reports is required to select drugs for empiric treatment