CspC regulates the expression of the glyoxylate cycle genes at stationary phase in Caulobacter

Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud The Cold Shock proteins are RNA binding proteins involved in various cellular processes, including adaptation to low temperature, nutritional stress, cell growth and stationary phase. They may have an impact on gene expression by interfering with RNA stability and acting as transcription antiterminators. Caulobacter crescentus cspC is an essential gene encoding a stationary phase-induced protein of the Cold Shock Protein family and this work had as goal investigating the basis for the requirement of this gene for survival at this phase. In this work we investigate the role of CspC in C. crescentus stationary phase and discuss the molecular mechanisms that could be involved.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud The expression of cspC increased significantly at stationary phase in complex media and in glucose depletion, indicating a putative role in responding to carbon starvation. Global transcriptional profiling experiments comparing cspC and the wild type strain both at exponential and stationary phases as well as comparing exponential and stationary phase in wild type strain were carried out by DNA microarray analysis. The results showed that the absence of cspC affected the transcription of 11 genes at exponential phase and 60 genes at stationary phase. Among the differentially expressed genes it is worth noting those encoding respiratory enzymes and genes for sulfur metabolism, which were upregulated, and those encoding enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle, which were severely downregulated in the mutant at stationary phase. mRNA decay experiments showed that the aceA mRNA, encoding isocitrate lyase, was less stable in the cspC mutant, indicating that this effect was at least partially due to posttranscriptional regulation. These observations were supported by the observed arrested growth phenotype of the cspC strain when grown in acetate as the sole carbon source, and by the upregulation of genes for assimilatory sulfate reduction and methionine biosynthesis.\ud \ud \ud Conclusions\ud The stationary phase-induced RNA binding protein CspC has an important role in gene expression at this phase, and is necessary for maximal expression of the glyoxylate cycle genes. In the case of aceA, its downregulation may be attributed to the shorter half-life of the mRNA in the cspC mutant, indicating that one of the possible regulatory mechanisms is via altering RNA stabilization.FAPESPCNP

Characterization of the role of two FecI-like extracytoplasmic function sigma factors in Caulobacter crescentus.

Fatores sigma de carência de ferro, representados por FecI de E. coli, direcionam a transcrição de genes de transporte de sideróforos (quelantes de ferro), e são geralmente regulados por fatores antissigma (FecR), que liberam o fator sigma após ligação do sideróforo no receptor de membrana externa (FecA). Caulobacter crescentus possui quatro genes para fatores sigma desta família. Ensaios de expressão gênica e crescimento indicaram que estes genes não respondem à disponibilidade de ferro. Em microarranjos de cDNA, apenas o gene fecA2 foi induzido em DfecR2 comparado à linhagem parental, sugerindo que este é o único gene alvo do fator sigma FecI2. Já DfecR4 mostrou indução em mais de 50 genes, alguns envolvidos na utilização de fontes alternativas de carbono. Ensaios fenotípicos com DfecI4 sugeriram que este gene é importante para o crescimento em g-ciclodextrina ou ácido caproico. Os resultados sugerem que o fator sigma FecI2 é bem específico, enquanto FecI4 parece regular uma resposta geral relacionada a compostos carbônicos, e não à homeostase de ferro.Iron starvation sigma factors, whose prototype is E. coli FecI, direct transcription of genes involved in siderophore (iron chelators) transport, being usually regulated by anti-sigma factors (FecR), which release the sigma factor after siderophore binding to the outer membrane receptor (FecA). Caulobacter crescentus possesses four genes encoding FecI-like sigma factors. Gene expression and growth assays indicated that these genes do not respond to iron availability. In cDNA microarrays, only the fecA2 gene was induced in DfecR2 relative to the wild-type strain, suggesting that this is the only target gene of the FecI2 sigma factor. However, in DfecR4 there was induction of over 50 genes, some of them involved in utilization of alternative carbon sources. Phenotypic microarrays with the DfecI4 strain showed that this gene is important for growth in g-cyclodextrin or caproic acid. The results suggest that the FecI2 sigma factor is very specific, whereas FecI4 seems to regulate a more general response, related to carbon compounds rather than iron homeostasis

Study of the role cspC gene from Caulobacter crescentus and its regulation.

O choque frio em bactérias causa a indução de proteínas de choque frio de baixo peso molecular (CSPs), que desestabilizam estruturas secundárias do mRNA, permitindo sua tradução. Caulobacter crescentus possui quatro genes codificando CSPs: cspA e cspB são induzidos sob choque frio, e cspC e cspD, na fase estacionária. Neste trabalho, foi determinada uma nova seqüência para o gene cspC, revelando que a proteína CspC possui dois domínios CSD, como CspD. O mutante nulo para cspC apresentou sensibilidade em baixa temperatura e menor viabilidade em fase estacionária, com alterações na morfologia. A região regulatória foi mapeada por fusões de transcrição, e uma região ativadora da expressão foi identificada, mostrando uma regulação transcricional. Algumas condições nutricionais que disparam a indução do gene foram determinadas, indicando que sua expressão é influenciada pela ausência de glicose no meio, mas não pela ausência de nitrogênio. Este perfil de indução não depende da região ativadora, que, por sua vez, é necessária para os máximos níveis de expressão.The cold shock response in bacteria involves the expression of cold shock proteins (CSPs), which destabilize secondary structures on mRNAs, allowing their translation. Caulobacter crescentus possesses four genes encoding CSPs: cspA and cspB are induced upon cold shock, while cspC and cspD are induced at stationary phase. In this work, a new sequence for the coding region of the cspC gene was determined, revealing that CspC contains two cold shock domains, like CspD. A null cspC mutant was sensitive to low temperature, presented reduced viability at stationary phase, and altered morphology. The regulatory region of cspC was mapped by transcriptional fusions, identifying a region responsible for activation of cspC expression, suggesting a transcriptional regulation. Some nutritional conditions triggering cspC induction were determined, indicating that its expression is influenced by glucose starvation, but not by nitrogen starvation. This expression profile was not dependent on the activation region, which, in turn, was required for maximum levels of expression

SpdR, a Response Regulator Required for Stationary-Phase Induction of Caulobacter crescentus cspD▿

The cold shock protein (CSP) family includes small polypeptides that are induced upon temperature downshift and stationary phase. The genome of the alphaproteobacterium Caulobacter crescentus encodes four CSPs, with two being induced by cold shock and two at the onset of stationary phase. In order to identify the environmental signals and cell factors that are involved in cspD expression at stationary phase, we have analyzed cspD transcription during growth under several nutrient conditions. The results showed that expression of cspD was affected by the medium composition and was inversely proportional to the growth rate. The maximum levels of expression were decreased in a spoT mutant, indicating that ppGpp may be involved in the signalization for carbon starvation induction of cspD. A Tn5 mutant library was screened for mutants with reduced cspD expression, and 10 clones that showed at least a 50% reduction in expression were identified. Among these, a strain with a transposon insertion into a response regulator of a two-component system showed no induction of cspD at stationary phase. This protein (SpdR) was able to acquire a phosphate group from its cognate histidine kinase, and gel mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting experiments showed that it binds to an inverted repeat sequence of the cspD regulatory region. A mutated SpdR with a substitution of the conserved aspartyl residue that is the probable phosphorylation site is unable to bind to the cspD regulatory region and to complement the spdR mutant phenotype

Additional file 1: Table S1. of CspC regulates the expression of the glyoxylate cycle genes at stationary phase in Caulobacter

Primers used in this study. (PDF 147 kb

CspC and CspD are essential for Caulobacter crescentus stationary phase survival

The cold shock response in bacteria involves the expression of low-molecular weight cold shock proteins (CSPs) containing a nucleic acid-binding cold shock domain (CSD), which are known to destabilize secondary structures on mRNAs, facilitating translation at low temperatures. Caulobacter crescentus cspA and cspB are induced upon cold shock, while cspC and cspD are induced during stationary phase. In this work, we determined a new coding sequence for the cspC gene, revealing that it encodes a protein containing two CSDs. The phenotypes of C. crescentus csp mutants were analyzed, and we found that cspC is important for cells to maintain viability during extended periods in stationary phase. Also, cspC and cspCD strains presented altered morphology, with frequent non-viable filamentous cells, and cspCD also showed a pronounced cell death at late stationary phase. In contrast, the cspAB mutant presented increased viability in this phase, which is accompanied by an altered expression of both cspC and cspD, but the triple cspABD mutant loses this characteristic. Taken together, our results suggest that there is a hierarchy of importance among the csp genes regarding stationary phase viability, which is probably achieved by a fine tune balance of the levels of these proteins.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)[07/52952-4]Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq)[306384/2006-0