8 research outputs found

    The Number Race - computer-assisted intervention for mathematically low-performing first graders

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    This manuscript presents a study in which the new version of the computer-based training programme, The Number Race (NR), was used as an intervention for mathematically low-performing children in grade one (Mage = 86.46, SD = 3.89). In addition to ordinary teacher instruction in mathematics, the intervention group (n = 29) received NR training for 15-minute sessions, 3–4 days per week, during a four-week period. One comparison group comprising mathematically low-performing children (n = 27) and another comprising average-performing children (n = 278) received only ordinary teacher instruction in mathematics during this period. The children’s mathematical skills (e.g. counting and basic arithmetic skills) were measured three times during grade one, using three parallel tests. The grouping was based on the first assessment, using the lowest 20th percentile as the cut-off point in the test. The NR intervention took place between the second and third assessments. There was no statistically significant NR intervention effect found in this study.Peer reviewe

    Reliability and validity evidence of the early numeracy test for identifying children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties

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    This study investigated reliability and validity evidence regarding the Early Numeracy WA (EN-test) in a sample of 1139 Swedish-speaking children (587 girls) in kindergarten (n = 361), first grade (n = 321), and second grade (n = 457). Structural validity evidence was established through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which showed that a four-factor model fit the data significantly better than a one-factor or two-factor model. The known-group and cross-cultural validity were established through multigroup CFAs, finding that the four-factor model fit the gender, age and language groups equally well. Internal consistency for the WA and sub-skills varied from good to excellent. The EN-test can be considered as an appropriate assessment to identify children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties.Peer reviewe

    Early Numeracy Development : Identifying and Supporting Children at Risk for Mathematical Learning Difficulties

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    Early numeracy skills are important for later mathematical learning. Already in kindergarten and the early school years there are large individual differences in children’s early numeracy skills. Early identification and support are argued to potentially decrease later mathematical learning difficulties. However, this puts a high demand on the tools for identifying and supporting children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties. This thesis, therefore, aims to contribute to the research on early numeracy skills development by focusing on identifying and supporting children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties in kindergarten and during the early school years. This aim has been achieved by investigating how early numeracy skills develop and are interrelated, examining the psychometric criteria of an early numeracy test, and investigate the effects of a computer-assisted intervention program on children’s early numeracy skills. This thesis is based on three substudies (Studies I, II and III). Study I investigated how early numeracy skills (symbolic and non-symbolic number knowledge, understanding mathematical relations, counting skills and basic skills in arithmetic) develop and are interrelated, in order to reach an understanding of which early numeracy skills at the beginning of the school year, predicted later early numeracy performance. Study II focused on assessment for identifying children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties by examining the psychometric criteria of the Early Numeracy test. The reliability (internal consistency) and validity (structural validity, known group validity, and cross-cultural validity) evidence were investigated. Study III examined the effects of supporting children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties using the evidence based Number Race computer game in a computer-assisted intervention in an authentic school setting. All three substudies were based on data collected in kindergarten (n = 361), first grade (n = 321) and second grade (n = 457) during one school year. The results from Study I indicated that counting skills in the beginning of first grade was an important predictor of later early numeracy skills while basic arithmetic skills emerged as a key predictor of later early numeracy skills in both first and second grades. Latent profile analysis identified three early numeracy profiles that differed in the early numeracy skills in the beginning of the school year: well-performing, average-performing, and at risk for mathematical learning. Low performing children showed deficits in all early numeracy subskills and were unable to close the gap to their average- or well-performing peers during the school year. Study II supported the reliability and validity evidence of the Early Numeracy test, indicating that the test can fulfil its purpose to identify children at risk for mathematical learning difficulties in kindergarten, first grade and second grade. This test can also specifically describe children’s performances, as it defines and interprets the various early numeracy subskills as different factors. Study III revealed no statistically significant effect of the Number Race-intervention on the low-performing children’s early numeracy skills. At none of the three assessment time points did the low-performing groups differ significantly from the low-performing comparison group, which only received ordinary classroom instruction in mathematics during the intervention period. These findings highlighted the importance of developing targeted interventions, which will be easy to implement in the general classroom to enhance children’s early numeracy skills. Combining the findings of the three substudies ca provide additional empirical evidence for the model of core early numeracy skills: symbolic and non-symbolic number knowledge, understanding mathematical relations, counting skills and basic skills in arithmetic (Aunio & RĂ€sĂ€nen, 2016). This model of core early numeracy skills can provide a working model for educational practice, in which assessment and instruction are brought closer together to improve educational practise and provide all children with foundational early numeracy skills. ---------- Tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter Ă€r betydelsefulla för fortsatt lĂ€rande i matematik. Redan i förskola och nybörjarundervisning finns det stora individuella skillnader i barns matematiska fĂ€rdigheter. Tidig identifiering och tidiga stödĂ„tgĂ€rder har pĂ„visats kunna förebygga och minska pĂ„ fortsatta svĂ„righeter i matematik. Syftet med denna avhandling Ă€r att bidra med kunskap om utvecklingen av barns tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter genom att lyfta fram identifiering och stöd för barn i risk för matematiska inlĂ€rningssvĂ„righeter i förskola och nybörjarundervisning. Syftet nĂ„s genom att studera hur tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter samspelar och utvecklas, de psykometriska kriterierna för ett kartlĂ€ggningsverktyg för identifiering av barn i behov av stöd samt effekten av ett datorbaserat interventionsprogram för att stĂ€rka barns tal- och antalsuppfattning. Denna avhandling bygger pĂ„ tre delstudier. Den första delstudien fokuserade pĂ„ hur tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter (tal- och antalsuppfattning, förstĂ„else för matematiska samband, rĂ€knefĂ€rdigheter och aritmetiska basfĂ€rdigheter) samspelade och vilka delfĂ€rdigheter i början av Ă„rskurs ett och tvĂ„ förutspĂ„dde prestationerna i slutet av lĂ€sĂ„ret samt hur dessa fĂ€rdigheter utvecklades för barn inom olika prestationsprofiler. Den andra delstudien fokuserade pĂ„ identifiering av barn i risk för matematiska inlĂ€rningssvĂ„righeter genom att studera de psykometriska egenskaperna för kartlĂ€ggningsverktyget Lukimat (Early Numeracy test) Ă€mnat för barn i förskola, Ă„rskurs 1 och Ă„rskurs 2. KartlĂ€ggningsverktygets psykometriska kriterier granskades genom att ta fasta pĂ„ reliabiliteten (intern konsistens) och validiteten (strukturell validitet, grupptillhörighetsvaliditet och tvĂ€rkulturell validitet). Den tredje delstudien studerade effekten av en datorbaserad intervention med datorspelet ”Tal i farten” för lĂ„gpresterande barn i Ă„rskurs 1. Datorspelet ”Tal i farten” Ă€r utvecklat för att specifikt stĂ€rka barns tal- och antalsuppfattning. Delstudierna i denna avhandling baserar sig pĂ„ datainsamling i finlandssvenska förskolor och skolor dĂ€r totalt 361 barn i förskola, 321 barn i Ă„rskurs 1 och 457 barn i Ă„rskurs 2 deltog. Resultaten frĂ„n den första delstudien visade att rĂ€knefĂ€rdigheter och aritmetiska fĂ€rdigheter var de starkaste prediktorerna för prestationerna i slutet av lĂ€sĂ„ret i Ă„rskurs 1, medan aritmetiska fĂ€rdigheter utgjorde den starkaste prediktorn i Ă„rskurs 2. Med latenta profilanalyser identifierades i början av lĂ€sĂ„ret i Ă„rskurserna 1 och 2 tre prestationsgrupper: hög-, medel och lĂ„gpresterande. Barnen som tillhörde den lĂ„gpresterande gruppen uppvisade bristande fĂ€rdigheter inom alla fyra fĂ€rdighetsomrĂ„den (tal- och antalsuppfattning, förstĂ„else för matematiska samband, rĂ€knefĂ€rdigheter och aritmetiska basfĂ€rdigheter) under hela lĂ€sĂ„ret. I bĂ„da Ă„rskurserna var skillnaderna mellan alla prestationsgrupperna signifikanta sĂ„vĂ€l i början som i mitten och i slutet av lĂ€sĂ„ret, vilket indikerar att klyftan mellan de lĂ„gpresterande och de medelpresterande barnen inte minskade under lĂ€sĂ„rets gĂ„ng. Resultaten frĂ„n den andra delstudien ger belĂ€gg för att Lukimat-kartlĂ€ggningsmaterialet kan ses som lĂ€mpligt för att identifiera barn i risk för matematiska inlĂ€rningssvĂ„righeter. De psykometriska kriterierna uppfylls genom att den interna konsistensen (reliabiliteten) och strukturella validiteten Ă€r goda. Vidare visar grupptillhörighetsvaliditeten att kartlĂ€ggningsmaterialet fungerar för sĂ„vĂ€l flickor som pojkar och yngre som Ă€ldre barn inom gruppen och den tvĂ€rkulturella validiteten visar att kartlĂ€ggningsmaterialet fungerar oberoende skolsprĂ„k (svenska och finska). KartlĂ€ggningsmaterialets styrka Ă€r att det inte enbart identifierar de barn som behöver stöd utan ocksĂ„ visar vilka delfĂ€rdigheter som stödet behöver fokuseras pĂ„. Resultaten frĂ„n den första delstudien gav ytterligare belĂ€gg för kartlĂ€ggningsmaterialets prediktiva validitet. Resultaten frĂ„n den tredje delstudien visade inte pĂ„ nĂ„gra signifikanta framsteg för de lĂ„gpresterande barnen i Ă„rskurs 1 som deltog i interventionen med datorspelet ”Tal i farten”. Dessa resultat belyser vikten av skrĂ€ddarsydda interventioner som utgĂ„r frĂ„n barnets individuella behov. DĂ€rmed behövs olika typer av forskningsbaserade interventionsprogram som stĂ€rker barns tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter. Sammantaget belyser resultaten frĂ„n avhandlingens tre delstudier vikten av tidig och kontinuerlig kartlĂ€ggning av tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter samt skrĂ€ddarsydda stödĂ„tgĂ€rder för att pĂ„ bĂ€sta sĂ€tt sĂ€kerstĂ€lla att barn med risk för matematiska inlĂ€rningssvĂ„righeter identifieras och fĂ„r Ă€ndamĂ„lsenligt stöd. Kunskap om hur tidiga matematiska fĂ€rdigheter samspelar och hur dessa fĂ€rdigheter utvecklas borde ligga till grund för sĂ„vĂ€l undervisning som utveckling av forskningsbaserat material för kartlĂ€ggning och intervention. DĂ€rtill ger resultaten empirisk grund för den pedagogiska modellen av Aunio och RĂ€sĂ€nen (2016) med fyra grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdighetsomrĂ„den: tal- och antalsuppfattning, förstĂ„else för matematiska samband, rĂ€knefĂ€rdigheter och aritmetiska basfĂ€rdigheter. Modellen utgör en god pedagogisk modell att anvĂ€ndas för att planera, förverkliga och utvĂ€rdera Ă€ndamĂ„lsenliga stödĂ„tgĂ€rder. DĂ„ bĂ„de kartlĂ€ggning och stödĂ„tgĂ€rder baseras pĂ„ samma forskningsbaserade modell möjliggör det en nĂ€rmare koppling mellan kartlĂ€ggning och stödĂ„tgĂ€rder, med mĂ„lsĂ€ttningen att sĂ€kerstĂ€lla att alla barn fĂ„r tillrĂ€ckliga tidiga grundlĂ€ggande matematiska fĂ€rdigheter

    Profiles of reading and fluency and spelling skills : stability and change across the early school years

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    In this longitudinal study, we examined what kind of profiles of reading fluency and spelling skills could be identified among pupils (N = 467) and how stable these profiles were during the first three years of school. We also investigated how monolingual (Swedish) and simultaneously bilingual (Finnish-Swedish) pupils and gender were distributed within the profiles. Three profiles of reading fluency and spelling skills were found among the pupils through latent profile analysis: low, average, and high performing. Latent transition analysis confirmed stable and identical profiles throughout the first school years. The distributions of monolingual and bilingual pupils and gender were equal in all profiles throughout the grades. These findings have implications on a pragmatic level in school, confirming the importance of early identification and support for low performing pupils.peerReviewe

    Arithmetic Fluency and Number Processing Skills in Identifying Students with Mathematical Learning Disabilities

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    Mathematical learning disabilities (MLD) are typically defined as difficulties in basic numerical skills. It has been suggested that number processing skills (i.e., enumeration and symbolic number comparison) would differentiate low achievement from more severe difficulties in mathematics. This study investigated the accuracy of number processing skills in identifying students with MLD based on arithmetic fluency and whether the classification ability of number processing skills varied as a function of grade level. Participants were 18,405 students (girls = 9,080) from third to ninth grade (9–15 years of age). Students’ basic numerical skills were assessed with an online dyscalculia screener aimed at identifying students with MLD. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a two-factor structure of the screener, with number processing skills and arithmetic fluency as the two factors. The two-factor structure was invariant across language groups, gender, and grade levels. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses indicated that number processing skills are a fair classifier of MLD status across grade levels three to nine. The classification accuracy of number processing skills was better when predicting MLD (cut-off < 5%) compared to low achievement (cut-off < 25%) status. Results highlight the need to measure both number processing and arithmetic fluency when identifying students with MLD
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