Mean and standard deviation (in parentheses) of logarithmic frequency (LogF), length, summed log bigram frequency (SLBF), number of orthographic (N) and phonological (PN) neighbours of prime and target words in each experimental condition.

<p>The mean and standard deviation of Base frequency (Base F) and Family size (F. Size) were also included for targets.</p

Mean lexical decision times (RTs; in milliseconds) and proportion of errors (E) per condition (standard deviations between parentheses) in bilinguals with high and intermediate levels of L2 proficiency.

<p>Mean lexical decision times (RTs; in milliseconds) and proportion of errors (E) per condition (standard deviations between parentheses) in bilinguals with high and intermediate levels of L2 proficiency.</p

The expression of differentiation by chick embryo thyroid in cell culture . I . Functional and fine structural stability in mass and clonal culture

Previous results with thyroid secretory cells in monolayer culture seem contradictory with respect to phenotypic stability of this cell type. On the one hand, in &quot;minimal &quot; medium the cells lose structural and functional specializations which can be returned only by threedimensional growth in organ culture upon addition of fibroblasts derived from the thyroid capsule. On the other hand, in &quot;rich &quot; medium used for cloning, cytoarchitecture and function remain unaltered in either mass or clonai cultures. The apparent discrepancy has been resolved by plating cell suspensions in both media and changing to the alternate medium once the cells have become established. It has been shown that a number of characteristics, including hormone levels, are reversed each time such a change in medium is made. These modulations are discussed in terms of the normal variations in structure and function of the gland in vivo

Correlation analysis of SFN treatment, oxidative stress and apoptosis.

<p>Significant correlations: *p<0.05; **p<0.01; EA: early apoptotic cells; LA: late apoptotic cells; Nec: Necrotic cells; n.a.: not applicable.</p><p>Values are Pearson’s correlation coefficients.</p

ROS accumulation after SFN treatment.

<p>Cells were incubated with10 μM dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and ROS accumulation was estimated from MFI by FCM. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 3). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05). a,b, significantly different between times (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Oligonucleotide primers used for qPCR.

<p>Oligonucleotide primers used for qPCR.</p

Antioxidant state after SFN treatment.

<p>(A) Total antioxidant activity (TAA). TAA was determined spectrophotometrically from cell extracts incubated with ABTS reagent. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 3). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05). a,b, significantly different between times (<i>p</i><0.05). (B) Intracellular GSH levels for the SFN concentrations and exposure times indicated. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 2). *, significantly different between the indicated groups (<i>p</i><0.05). a,b, significantly different between times (<i>p</i><0.05). (C) Relative gene expression of selected phase 2 enzymes exposed to 10 uM SFN for 48 h. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 2). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Hypothetical roles of SFN in ROS initiation and cytotoxicity in MG-63 cells.

<p>ROS accumulation and cell death after SFN treatment. ROS may accumulate as a consequence of combined decrease in GPx and Cat activities, together with overall decreased efficiency in glutathione recycling and GSH regeneration. ROS accumulation may additionally decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to apoptosis. MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential.</p

Effect of SFN on the activity and gene expression of selected oxidoreductases involved in ROS detoxification and GSH regeneration.

<p>(A–D) SOD, Cat, GPx and GR specific activities, respectively. Data shown are mean in U/mg total protein ± SEM (n = 3). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05). a,b, significantly different between times (<i>p</i><0.05). (E) Relative gene expression for cells exposed to 10 μM SFN for 48 h. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 2). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05).</p

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by SFN.

<p>(A, B) Cells were incubated with FITC-Annexin V conjugate and PI after SFN exposure for 24 or 48 h respectively. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 3). *, significantly different between control and SFN-treated cells (<i>p</i><0.05). (C) Caspase-3 activity. Cells were exposed for 48 h, the cleared cell extracts were incubated with DEVD-<i>p-</i>nitroanilide and caspase-3 activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 2).</p