Do young children get the message? The effects of repeated video viewing on explicit and implicit information

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of repeat viewing on comprehension of explicitly and implicitly presented information in an animated movie. Seventy-three pre-school children watched an animated film and were tested for comprehension after either their single or fifth viewing. Only children&rsquo;s comprehension of explicitly presented information was facilitated by repeat viewing. However, post hoc analyses revealed that children&rsquo;s explicit and implicit comprehension of a central character Thunderbolt significantly increased across viewing conditions, whereas, repeat viewing only facilitated children&rsquo;s explicit comprehension of the central character Patch. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.<br /

Falls and Fall-Related Injuries among Community-Dwelling Adults in the United States

Introduction: Falls are the leading cause of unintentional injuries in the U.S.; however, national estimates for all community-dwelling adults are lacking. This study estimated the national incidence of falls and fall-related injuries among community-dwelling U.S. adults by age and gender and the trends in fall-related injuries across the adult life span. Methods: Nationally representative data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2008 Balance and Dizziness supplement was used to develop national estimates of falls, and pooled data from the NHIS was used to calculate estimates of fall-related injuries in the U.S. and related trends from 2004–2013. Costs of unintentional fall-related injuries were extracted from the CDC’s Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. Results: Twelve percent of community-dwelling U.S. adults reported falling in the previous year for a total estimate of 80 million falls at a rate of 37.2 falls per 100 person-years. On average, 9.9 million fall-related injuries occurred each year with a rate of 4.38 fall-related injuries per 100 person-years. In the previous three months, 2.0% of older adults (65+), 1.1% of middle-aged adults (45–64) and 0.7% of young adults (18–44) reported a fall-related injury. Of all fall-related injuries among community-dwelling adults, 32.3% occurred among older adults, 35.3% among middle-aged adults and 32.3% among younger adults. The age-adjusted rate of fall-related injuries increased 4% per year among older women (95% CI 1%–7%) from 2004 to 2013. Among U.S. adults, the total lifetime cost of annual unintentional fall-related injuries that resulted in a fatality, hospitalization or treatment in an emergency department was 111 billion U.S. dollars in 2010. Conclusions: Falls and fall-related injuries represent a significant health and safety problem for adults of all ages. The findings suggest that adult fall prevention efforts should consider the entire adult lifespan to ensure a greater public health benefit

Average and total lifetime cost (US $) of Annual Unintentional Fall-Related Injuries Resulting in Death, Hospitalization or an Emergency Department Visit in the U.S. by age-groups, 2010^*.

<p>Average and total lifetime cost (US $) of Annual Unintentional Fall-Related Injuries Resulting in Death, Hospitalization or an Emergency Department Visit in the U.S. by age-groups, 2010^{<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0150939#t004fn001" target="_blank">*</a>}.</p

Incidence Rate of Fall-related Injuries per 100 Person-year by Age-Gender Groups from 2004 to 2013 in the U.S.

<p>Medically consulted fall-related injury episodes occurring in the previous three months among community-dwelling adults were identified in the National Health Interview Survey. We annualized the fall-related injury estimates and calculated rates of fall-related injuries per 100 Person-year by age and gender groups using population weights.</p

Annual Average Fall-related injury^a types in thousands (000s) and their Proportion^b ^c by Age and Gender Groups.

<p>NHIS 2004–2013.</p

Number and Proportion of Community-dwelling Adults who Experienced One or More Falls in the Previous 12 Months and Number and Rate of Falls per 100 Person-Years by Age and Gender Groups.

<p>Number and Proportion of Community-dwelling Adults who Experienced One or More Falls in the Previous 12 Months and Number and Rate of Falls per 100 Person-Years by Age and Gender Groups.</p

Number and Proportion of Community-dwelling Adults who Experienced a Fall-related Injury in the Previous 3 Months, Average Number of Fall-related Injuries in One Year and the Rate of Fall-related Injuries per 100 Person-Years in the U.S. NHIS 2004–2013.

<p>Number and Proportion of Community-dwelling Adults who Experienced a Fall-related Injury in the Previous 3 Months, Average Number of Fall-related Injuries in One Year and the Rate of Fall-related Injuries per 100 Person-Years in the U.S. NHIS 2004–2013.</p

The direct cost burden of 13years of disabling workplace injuries in the U.S. (1998–2010): Findings from the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index

AbstractIntroduction: Although occupational injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability around the world, the burden due to occupational injuries has historically been under-recognized, obscuring the need to address a major public health problem. Methods: We established the Liberty Mutual Workplace Safety Index (LMWSI) to provide a reliable annual metric of the leading causes of the most serious workplace injuries in the United States based on direct workers compensation (WC) costs. Results: More than $600 billion in direct WC costs were spent on the most disabling compensable non-fatal injuries and illnesses in the United States from 1998 to 2010. The burden in 2010 remained similar to the burden in 1998 in real terms. The categories of overexertion ($13.6B, 2010) and fall on same level ($8.6B, 2010) were consistently ranked 1st and 2nd. Practical application: The LMWSI was created to establish the relative burdens of events leading to work-related injury so they could be better recognized and prioritized. Such a ranking might be used to develop research goals and interventions to reduce the burden of workplace injury in the United States