A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

An imperfect reality: gender mainstreaming and disarmament, demobilisation, rehabilitation and reintegration (DDRR) in Liberia

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programmes are a fundamental component in peacebulding operations and feature in most contemporary peace agreements. Since the conceptualisation of peacebuilding in the early 1990s, there has been a marked shift towards promoting the spread of liberal democracy, rule of law and rejuvenation of markets in countries emerging from conflict. This liberal peacebuilding approach has been criticised by scholars for creating sequencing difficulties, for imposing a form of Western Imperialism and for neglecting the local context. Furthermore, feminists consider this type of peacebuilding as limited as it focuses on the priorities of men in the post-conflict environment and fails to recognise women’s changed roles through conflict or their agency, and frequently expects them to return to conventional gender roles. Despite policy revisions to include women’s perspectives (e.g. UNSCR 1325) women are still viewed as victims and peacemakers, and their roles and needs are not sufficiently addressed. This is acutely evident in DDR programmes, which have neglected many of the concerns of women who help constitute fighting forces in modern warfare. Moves to include women through gender mainstreaming have not been researched in detail and in this respect this study provides an original contribution to knowledge. This study investigated the gender mainstreaming of DDRR in Liberia from both implementer and participant perspectives. This hybrid approach reveals that the gender provision only fully exerted an impact within the DD process with campaigns to improve participation. Proxy cases stretched budgets that meant that the gender mainstreaming of both the RR was virtually non-existent. Women were treated largely the same as men with a programme that focused solely on economic reintegration. Issues of enhancing gender equality were sidelined. Despite the majority not using the skills learnt through DDRR, most gained some empowerment from the process and had reintegrated well despite many showing signs of psychological trauma. Their positive reintegration was not much an effect of DDRR but rather a function of their social reintegration processes and in particular their social networks and community links. These findings represent an advance in understanding of social reintegration in African post-conflict settings and the extent to which such networks are an important feature of successful reintegration for women. This research advocates policy revisions that incorporate social reintegration as a basis for DDR programmes and use a hybrid approach to planning

National action plans as an obstacle to meaningful local ownership of UNSCR 1325 in Liberia and Sierra Leone

National Action Plans (NAPs) have been hailed as the preferential mode of implementing United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1325 at a national level. In recent years, member states, especially post-conflict member states, have been heeding the calls of the United Nations to develop their own National Action Plans. However, there has been limited assessment of whether or not National Action Plans are beneficial to women in post-conflict states. Using evidence from field research in Liberia and Sierra Leone, this article argues that, despite the intent to increase national ownership of 1325 in post-conflict states, National Action Plans are ineffective at creating meaningful local ownership because they are driven by a bureaucratic approach to peacebuilding. Furthermore, implementation of National Action Plans in post-conflict states is hampered by a variety of factors, such as lack of capacity and lack of political will. Finally, we conclude that National Action Plans also do a disservice to the hard work and dedication of local women’s organisations. </jats:p

Social capital made explicit: the role of norms, networks, and trust in reintegrating ex-combatants and peacebuilding in Liberia

Processes for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) are a fundamental component in peacebuilding. While disarmament can be relatively straightforward, reintegration is more complex and has varying degrees of success. Economic factors tend to be the focus, neglecting social reintegration in its fullest sense. This article draws on two sets of related field research data (collected in 2007, 2010 and 2011) in Liberia to highlight the role of social capital in shaping DDR outcomes. This is an important factor in the reintegration of ex-combatants, in terms of establishing and testing norms, engaging social networks, and building relationships and trust. These components of social capital are directly influenced by the reintegration experience, and in turn have a significant role in translating reintegration into peacebuilding. In addition, building on pre-existing social structures such as family connections, religious or community groups, and trading networks can in fact contribute to successful reintegration. When DDR initiatives fail, these structures are often the only way an ex-combatant has of reintegrating

UNSC resolution 1325 national action plans in Liberia and Sierra Leone: an analysis of gendered power relations in hybrid peacebuilding

This paper considers how the use of ‘hybridity’ in the peacebuilding literature overlooks the gendered dimensions of hybrid interactions. It does so by examining the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 1325 national action plans (NAPs) for Liberia and Sierra Leone. By asking the gendered questions of ‘who participates?’ and ‘how do they participate?’ it draws from Mac Ginty’s conception of hybridity and traces the compliance and incentivizing power in hybridized peace, as well as the ability of local actors to resist and provide alternatives. However, Mac Ginty’s model is found to be inadequate because of its inattention to the gendered nature of power. It is found that with a gendered approach to hybridity, it is easier to trace the processes of hybridization of NAPs in postconflict states where their implementation is limited. In asking the questions of ‘who’ and ‘how’, three conclusions about the gendered nature of hybrid peacebuilding are drawn: international intervention relies upon the ‘feminization’ of local actors; issues framed within the realm of the ‘masculine’ are more likely to get attention; and the Resolution 1325 agenda in post-conflict states can be subverted by framing it as a ‘soft’ issue

Expression and localization of stanniocalcin 1 in swine ovary

Stanniocalcin 1 (STC 1) is a glycoprotein involved in mineral homeostasis and was first identified in fish. Its mammalian homologue has been implicated in the regulation of various biological processes, including angiogenesis and steroidogenesis both of which are fundamental events in ovarian function. Interestingly, the highest level of STC 1 expression in mammals occurs in ovarian tissue but no information is available on swine species. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to investigate the expression and the immunolocalization of STC 1 in swine ovary. In addition, we evaluated whether swine granulosa cells synthesize STC 1 and its possible modulation by hypoxia, a physiological condition in ovarian follicle growth. Our data show STC 1 for the first time in swine ovary; moreover, we demonstrate STC 1 production by granulosa cells, both in basal condition and in response to oxygen deprivation. The latter is suggestive of a potential modulatory role for STC 1 in hypoxia-driven angiogenesis

Social Capital Made Explicit: The Role of Norms, Networks, and Trust in Reintegrating Ex-combatants and Peacebuilding in Liberia

Processes for Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) are a fundamental component in peacebuilding. While disarmament can be relatively straightforward, reintegration is more complex and has varying degrees of success. Economic factors tend to be the focus, neglecting social reintegration in its fullest sense. This article draws on two sets of related field research data (collected in 2007, 2010 and 2011) in Liberia to highlight the role of social capital in shaping DDR outcomes. This is an important factor in the reintegration of ex-combatants, in terms of establishing and testing norms, engaging social networks, and building relationships and trust. These components of social capital are directly influenced by the reintegration experience, and in turn have a significant role in translating reintegration into peacebuilding. In addition, building on pre-existing social structures such as family connections, religious or community groups, and trading networks can in fact contribute to successful reintegration. When DDR initiatives fail, these structures are often the only way an ex-combatant has of reintegrating