Closed-Form transformation between geodetic and ellipsoidal coordinates

We present formulas for direct closed-form transformation between geodetic coordinates(Φ, λ, h) and ellipsoidal coordinates (β, λ, u) for any oblate ellipsoid of revolution.These will be useful for those dealing with ellipsoidal representations of the Earth's gravityfield or other oblate ellipsoidal figures. The numerical stability of the transformations for nearpolarand near-equatorial regions is also considered

Occurrence, sources and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

In the present study, the occurrence and spatial distribution of selected eleven pharmaceuticals were investigated in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Samples were collected from different depths of the nine stations in April and October 2019. Pharmaceuticals were analyzed using liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All target pharmaceutical compounds were detected at least once in the study area. Gemfibrozil, which belongs to the lipid regulatory group, was the most frequently detected in seawater at high concentrations (<0.016-9.71 mu g/L). Ibuprofen (<0.015-2.13 mu g/L) and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (<0.010-3.55 mu g/L) were identified as the other frequently detected pharmaceuticals. In addition, the presence of these selected compounds in April was higher than in October. According to the risk assessment results, naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, gemfibrozil, 170-estradiol, and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol represent a high risk to aquatic organisms in the Sea of Marmara. These findings underline the importance of continued monitoring of these compounds as relevant organic contaminants in the study area to take appropriate measures to protect the ecosystem and, ultimately, human health