Anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of gallic acid on the breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 versus normal fibroblast cells (HU-02)

Background: Breast cancer is a malignant proliferation of epithelial cells that lining the ducts or lobules of the breast. Breast cancer is the second common cancer (after lung cancer) in women. Gallic acid, being a polyphenols, has been reported for its antiproliferative activity against many cancer cell lines. Objective of the present study is effect of gallic acid on proliferation and apoptosis of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 and normal fibroblasts cells. Methods: This experimental study was performed in cellular and developmental biology of Shahrekord Islamic Azad University, Iran from April to August 2015. For anticancer activity, in this study SKBR3 cells and normal fibroblast cells (HU-02) were cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle's medium, DMEM (Gibco, Life Technologies, Inc., New York, USA) medium with 10% fetal bovine serum, FBS (Gibco, Life Technologies, Inc., New York, USA). The SKBR3 and normal fibroblast cells were treated in the medium of DMEM medium and gallic acid (20, 40, 80, 100 and 200 μg/ml) for 24, 48 and 72 hours. Cells viability was assessed by MTS (Methyl- Thiazol-) assay. Cells were seeded at 5×103 cells/ml in 96 well plates and incubated for 24 hours. Then metabolites of bacteria were added, after indicated times MTS (20μl) was added and the absorbance was measured at 492 nm using ELISA plate reader. The percentage of apoptosis induction was determined by flow cytometry analysis using Annexin-V fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) kit (BioVision Products, CA, USA) in 20, 40, 80, 100 and 200 μg/ml concentration of gallic acid at 48 hours incubation. Results: Gallic acid decreases significantly the viability of SKBR3 cell line in a time and dose dependent manner. So that the most effective concentration of this substance was 200 μg/ml and 72 hours after treatment (P< 0.05). According to the data of Annexin- PI, the highest apoptosis induction rate was seen in 200 μg/ml (P< 0.05). While gallic acid in various concentrations had no significant effect on normal fibroblast cells. Conclusion: Objective of the present study is effect of gallic acid on proliferation and apoptosis of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell lines SKBR3 and normal fibroblasts cells

Non-cooperation of the promisee in breach of contract in Iranian and European law

When a contract is not entered into the implementation stage or in the implementation of the work, it stops or does not comply with the contractual terms and conditions and the agreed specification is diverted, the magistrate at the beginning, the arrow is committed to understand and ask him about the breach of commitment and the cause of its deviation from the terms of the contract, so that one can predict his conviction from the beginning. In Iran's law, it is less attentive that the violation of the Treaty may be disabled for non-cooperation of the obligee, while the implementation of qualifier commitment may be on his cooperation. Where the obligee would have to deliver the project's location to establish a workshop, or the client will submit the principles of documents, information and witnesses ' names, or the disease that should be carried out by the doctor before the surgery, all the anath of the implementation of a commitment to the Obligee's cooperation. This cooperation can sometimes be defined as a verb, leaving the verb, submitting the goods or documents, providing services and information, resulting in a lack of cooperation, a contract with a challenge and a bug. Rationals and will logically and the implementation of the contract shall be subject to the obligee's cooperation, but the question is to mind whether this cooperation should be stipulated in the contract or a marriage is concluded or is considered as a contract of marriage and customary equipment. Unlike Iran's legal and judicial literature, the role of the obligee cooperation in European countries ' rights and European legal documents has been approved and various works have been predicted for his non-cooperation.  In this paper, in addition to the legal foundations of such a commitment, the various legal effects of its breach are investigated so that the sum of them can be explained most of the role of this cooperation

The Viability and Pro Apoptotic Effect of Green Tea on Breast Cancer Cell Line (SK-BR-3) and Human Fibroblast Cells (HU-02)

Background and Aim: Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancers and is the second leading cause of death form of cancer in women. In recent years, many scientific and medical studies have shown that Green tea has anti-proliferative, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects. Some Green tea polyphenols have anti-cancer activity. In the present study, the effect of Green tea extract was evaluated on the Breast cancer cell line (SK-BR-3) and compared with human fibroblast cell line (HU-02). Materials and Methods: SK-BR-3 and HU-02 cell lines were treated for 24, 48 and 72 hours with different concentrations of Green tea (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml). Then, Bioavailability was analyzed by MTT kit and Apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITS Kit. Results: With increasing concentrations of Green tea extract in dose and time dependent manner, bioavailability of cells showed a decrease as compared to control group. Increased incidence of apoptosis was significantly higher in other experimental groups than the control group, while the concentration of 800 μg/ml of Green tea extract was more effective in SKBR3 cell line. Green tea did not show significant effect in HU-02 cells. Conclusion: Due to the fact that cell proliferation and abnormal apoptosis are one of the main characteristics of cancer cells, Green tea can be used to reduce cell proliferation and increase apoptosis in prevention and treatment of Breast cancer

Comparing the therapeutic effects of 6-gingerol and hydro-alcoholic extract of ginger on polycystic ovary syndrome in Wistar rat

Background and aims: PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is the most common endocrine and metabolic disorder characterized by amenorrhea, hyper androgens, hirsutism, chronic anovulation and infertility. The aim of the present study was determining the effects of ginger extract, and 6-gingerol on hormonal levels and ovarian follicles in induced PCOS rats, and comparing the ameliorating effects of these two substances for treatment of PCOS. Methods: In this experimental research, 42 adult female Wistar rats weighting between 160 g-180 g were divided into six groups of 7 animals. PCOS control that received no injection. PCOS received intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg/kg of ginger extract (for 28 days). Statistical analyses with SPSS, one-way ANOVA, T-test and Duncan test were used to compare groups. Results: In comparison with PCOS control, the treatment of PCOS rats with ginger extract (100 and 200 mg/kg) and 6-gingerol (200 and 400 µg/kg) led to significant decrease in LH levels. There was a decrease in FSH levels, but the significant one was only in the 6-gingerol treated group (400 µg/kg). In PCOS treated groups with ginger extract and 6-gingerol, the serum levels of estradiol decreased significantly compared to control and PCOS control groups (P<0.001). Progesterone levels in PCOS groups injected with ginger extract and 6-gingerol showed a significant increase (P<0.05). In PCOS treated groups with ginger extract and 6-gingerol, testosterone levels decreased significantly (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05). Conclusion: 6-gingerol and ginger extract may be a useful treatment for improving the PCOS through reduction of estrogen, testosterone, LH and FSH, and improvement of ovulation. In fact, because of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ginger components, especially 6-gingerol, they can cause to improve PCOS

Effect of Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium & Juglans regia leaves extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis, in vitra

Background and aim: Genitourinary infections are of womens hygienic problems in health care systems. Trichomoniasis is one of the most important sexual diseases which are treated with Metronidazole. Due to side effects of the drug and also tendency of people in using herbal medicine, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of three herbs, Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium and Juglans regia leaves extracts, on Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods: In an experimental study, ten tubes were selected and the extracts of these three herbs Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium and Juglans regia leaf extracts with concentrations of 3.12, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/ml were prepared. Then different concentrations of Metronidazole and the three herbs extracts were diluted in 2%DMSO and added to the cell cultures. After 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours, samples were tested for dead or alive and also for their mobility of the parasite. Data were analyzed by ANOVA test. Results: The extracts of these three herbs caused an increase in immobility of the parasites. The rate of immobility had direct relationship with time and immobility was continuously increased after 24, 48 and 72 hours. The results were suggestive that Achillea millefolium, Artemisia absinthium & Juglans regia hydroalcoholic exteracts were significantly more effective in reduction of parasites, in vitro (P<0.05) however, Metronidazole after half an hour caused immobility of parasite versus 24 hour for plant extract. Conclusion: Our study showed that the extracts of the three mentioned herbs had effect on growth of Trichomonas vaginalis however, further studies are needed to show the effects of these herbs in animal models and volunteer infected people

The radioprotective effect of resveratrol against genotoxicity induced by γ-irradiation in mice blood lymphocytes

In this study, we evaluated whether the protective potential of resveratrol (RSV; 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) against γ-radiation caused damages in peripheral blood lymphocyte of mice. Resveratrol as a polyphenolic compound scavenges free radicals. Various doses of RSV were administered intraperitoneally 2 hours to adult male mice before a single dose of whole-body γ-irradiation (2 Gy). To assess the protective ability of RSV, the alkaline comet assay in blood lymphocyte of mice was performed and the total comet score was evaluated. The results of the alkaline comet assay showed that RSV significantly inhibited radiationinduced DNA damage. We observed that RSV protects blood lymphocyte against radiation-induced damage in mice

Immunological cross reaction between cancer cells and hydatid cyst

Background and aims: Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of the tape worm Echinococcu granulosus. Anticancer effects of some parasites have been shown. Moreover, existence of common antigens between some parasites especially hydatid cyst and cancers have been reported. So, immunological cross reaction between hydatid cyst and cancer cell antigens has been investigated in this study. Methods: In this laboratory descriptive study, different hydatid cyst antigens were prepared and antibody raised against them in rabbits. In dot immunoblotting, those antigens were probed with sera of patients with cancers (collected from Imam Hossein Hospital in Isfahan). Also, cross reaction among excretory secretory products of cancer cells and antisera raised against different hydatid cyst antigen was investigated. In order to remove carbohydrate bands of antigens, sodium periodate buffer was used. Results: Antisera raised against laminated & germinal layers of hydatid cyst reacted with excretory secretory products of cancer cells. Also, antigens of hydatid cysts reacted with cancer patients sera. Carbohydrate bands of antigens were involved in some immunological cross reactions. Conclusion: Results of this work emphasis existence of common antigens between hydatid cyst and cancers. Therefore, more study about these common antigens is recommende

Effect of Passive Transfer of Anti-Hydatid Cyst Antigen Antisera on Melanoma Tumor Growth in Animal Model

Introduction: Hydatid cyst is the larval stage of Echinococcusgranulosus, a parasite responsible for hydatid disease in human and livestock. The Effect of different antigens of this parasite in preventing the growth of tumor cells has been demonstrated in various studies. Therefore, in this work the effect of passive transfer of antisera raised against different antigens of Hydatid cyst on melanoma cancer growth in animal model has been investigated.Methods: In this experimental study, antisera against different antigens of hydatid cyst raised in rabbits. C57/black mice were injected with melanoma cells and then they received anti hydatid cyst antigen antisera. Control mice received normal rabbit serum or saline. Tumor size in the case and control groups was measured. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS software and one-way Anova test.Findings: The mean tumor area in mice that received antisera against hydatidcyst fluid, protoscolices crude antigen, excretory-secretory antigens of protoscolices and cuticular layer was not significantly different from tumor area of control mice.Conclusion: The results of this study showed that injection of antisera against antigens of hydatid cyst had no significant effect on melanoma tumor growth. So it is recommended that effect of transfer of immune cells is investigated in future studies

Maternal mortality and morbidity burden in the Eastern Mediterranean region : findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study

Assessing the burden of maternal mortality is important for tracking progress and identifying public health gaps. This paper provides an overview of the burden of maternal mortality in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by underlying cause and age from 1990 to 2015. We used the results of the Global Burden of Disease 2015 study to explore maternal mortality in the EMR countries. The maternal mortality ratio in the EMR decreased 16.3% from 283 (241-328) maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 237 (188-293) in 2015. Maternal mortality ratio was strongly correlated with socio-demographic status, where the lowest-income countries contributed the most to the burden of maternal mortality in the region. Progress in reducing maternal mortality in the EMR has accelerated in the past 15 years, but the burden remains high. Coordinated and rigorous efforts are needed to make sure that adequate and timely services and interventions are available for women at each stage of reproductive life