252 research outputs found

    Advantages and disadvantages in managing cow and calf together during the first weeks in the calf’s life

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    I Sverige Ă€r det vanligt att man separerar ko och kalv redan nĂ„gra timmar efter kalvning. Enligt jordbruksverkets regler mĂ„ste kalven fĂ„ i sig rĂ„mjölk inom 6 timmar efter att kalven har blivit född för att försĂ€kra att kalven fĂ„r i sig immunglobiner, antikroppar som Ă€r vĂ€sentliga för kalvens immunförsvar. Antingen tillĂ„ts kalven dia rĂ„mjölk pĂ„ naturlig vĂ€g eller ges rĂ„mjölk till kalven via en hink eller napphink efter att kalven har blivit flyttad till en ensambox. I ekologiska produktionssystem Ă€r det tillĂ„tet att hĂ„lla kalven i ensambox i upp till en vecka, sedan flyttas den oftast till en gruppbox med andra kalvar. I konventionella system Ă€r det tillĂ„tet att hĂ„lla kalven i ensambox i upp till Ă„tta veckor. Men det finns andra typer av produktionssystem dĂ€r kalven hĂ„lls tillsammans med andra kor och kalvar innan avvĂ€njning. Ett exempel Ă€r system med amkor, dĂ€r en ko kan fungerar som adoptivmor till upp till fyra kalvar. Ko och kalv kan Ă€ven hĂ„llas tillsammans under kalvens första tid i livet genom att kalven antingen fĂ„r dia begrĂ€nsat ett par gĂ„nger per dygn eller tillĂ„ts dia obehindrat under nĂ„gra veckor för att sedan allteftersom avvĂ€njas med begrĂ€nsat diande. Det finns flera fördelar med att lĂ„ta ko och kalv gĂ„ tillsammans. BĂ„de ko och kalv slipper den psykologiska stressen kopplad till tidig separation. Kor som tillĂ„ts ge di kan fĂ„ bĂ€ttre juverhĂ€lsa, minskad risk för mastit, högre nivĂ„er av oxytocin samt högre mjölkavkastning. Kalvar som tillĂ„ts dia fĂ„r sitt sugbehov tillfredsstĂ€llt, högre nivĂ„er av oxytocin, bĂ€ttre tillvĂ€xt och fĂ€rre stereotypa beteenden. Om lantbrukaren inte finner det möjligt att hĂ„lla ko och kalv tillsammans sĂ„ Ă€r det fördelaktigt om kalven separeras efter ett dygn tillsammans med kon. DĂ„ hinner den dia rĂ„mjölk och bli renslickad av kon, men ko och kalv hinner inte fĂ€sta sig lika mycket vid varandra som efter flera dygn och separationen kan dĂ€rför bli nĂ„got lindrigare.It is common in Sweden to separate cow and calf only a few hours after parturition. Colostrum is given to the calf in order to make sure that the calf gets colostral immuno globulins, important antibodies that are vital to the health of the calf. The calf either gets to suckle the dam or colostrum is given to the calf after it has been moved to a single pen. The timing for colostrum ingestion is important; the calf has to drink colostrum within 6 hours after parturition according to Swedish regulations. In artificial rearing systems calves are offered milk or milk substitute in buckets, nipple buckets or automatic milk feeding systems. In organic production it is only permitted to keep calves in single pens until the calves are one week of age. There after calves are often raised in groups. Different systems of management have been introduced in order to accommodate various needs of cows and calves such as social interactions and health. On some farms calves are allowed to suckle the dam freely for a couple of weeks before restricted suckling is practiced until weaning. Sometimes calves are only allowed to suckle restrictedly from the start. Instead of letting the calf suckle the dam, the famer could use foster cows, which may nurse up to four calves. By letting calves suckle, physiological stress caused by separation from the cow and deprivation of the opportunity to suckle might be reduced and stereotypical behaviors could be avoided. The udder health of the cow might be improved and the risk of mastitis will probably be reduced. There are different methods of weaning. Weaning can be implemented in two steps. In the first step the calf is deprived from suckling the dam and in the next step the calf is separated from the dam. The aim of this method is to reduce stress in both cow and calf by allocate the experience of stress. It is beneficial for both cow and calf to be kept together but if it’s not possible to keep mother and young together during the milk period, the calf should be separated from the cow after day or so to avoid too strong attachment between the cow and calf

    Welfare assessments performed on Gotland ponies used as restorers of landscape biodiversity in the project “The Gotland pony as a conservationist – a way to promote biodiversity and conserve an endangered breed”

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    In Sweden the use of forests and outfields as pastures for livestock has decreased during the 20th century due to modern forestry, a diminished human population in the countryside, government grants for better pastures and a more widespread use of artificial fertilizers. This has resulted in a radical change when it comes to biological diversity. As part of a resolution, large grazers such as cattle and horses can be used as tools to preserve landscapes and improve the diversity of vegetation. In this masters thesis the possibility to keep Gotland ponies on extensive pastures has been examined as a part of a wider project called “The Gotland pony as a conservationist- a way to promote biodiversity and conserve an endangered breed”. The Gotland pony, the only national native pony breed in Sweden (1998/99:MJ244), was a suitable breed for the project since it is considered to be well adapted to the Nordic climate among other things. The pony is also regarded as a part of the Swedish cultural heritage and is one of the domestic breeds Sweden has responsibility to preserve (Report 2010:14). All horses used in the study were one year old stallions purchased from various breeders by the Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences (SLU). The horses were divided into three groups with four horses in each of the enclosures. In Sweden no supplementary feed is allowed on valuable grasslands for reasons that the feed can introduce seed and thus plant species that do not belong in the natural grassland (Swedish Board of Agriculture, 2015). The horses in the study had to manage solely on foraging and browsing on the grasslands and in the forests. According to Swedish animal welfare regulations this is not allowed elsewise, since horses and other livestock must be offered additional feed during winter months (SFS 1988:534; DFS 2007:6 L101). Welfare assessments, both physical and behavioural, were performed during four occasions ranging from September until December. All assessments were performed according to a protocol developed in line with Welfare QualityÂź by Viksten et al. (submitted). The physiological parameters included body condition score, coat quality, skin problems, mane and tail problems, ocular and nasal discharges, lameness, hoof quality, thermal comfort and respiration. The behavioural parameters focused on the horses’ reaction towards an observer and their acceptance of physical contact; assessed pursuant to a human approach test and an avoidance distance test (Viksten et al. submitted). According to the results there were no significant differences between groups when it comes to body condition score. The mean value for body condition score was 3.1 for the first observation in September and decreased to 2.5 for the last observation in December, and no horse scored lower than the limit (score 2). The body score changed significantly between observation dates November and December (P<0.0001). Observation date had a significant effect on the prevalence of chafes, with a higher number of chafes during the first two months of the study compared to the last months (P<0.028). A tendency for more skin problems was seen for the second period of the study i.e. November and December, but the results were not significant. For the Human Approach Test there were differences between both groups (P<0.001) and observation dates (P<0.006). Horses in group one showed less interest towards the observer compared to group two and three. All horses did also show less interest in November compared to September and October. The Avoidance Distance Test could not be analysed statistically due to too low variance. The Gotland ponies managed to maintain an acceptable body condition score on extensive pastures during a period from September until December, but some individuals maintained a higher body condition score than others. The possibility to accumulate fat during spring and summer is of vital importance since it has a considerable effect on the body condition during the late fall and winter months. The Gotland pony project could give an alternative for preserving the breed, however as some individuals may be at risk during winter months, it is recommended that future studies focus on if and when supplementary feed is necessary. In this project only stallions were used and it is important to see how well mares manage during winter months as well. Further studies should look at different group constitutions with both mares and stallions, to get a more detailed view on how well horses manage on extensive pastures.I Sverige har jordbruket förĂ€ndrats markant under 1900-talet och med detta Ă€ven antalet djur som betar i skogsmarker och utmarker, dvs. marker som historiskt sett inte har ansetts tillrĂ€ckligt produktiva för att brukas. Det finns flera anledningar till förĂ€ndringen, bland annat minskande befolkningsmĂ€ngd pĂ„ landsbygden och fĂ€rre jordbruk. Jord och skogsbruket ser ocksĂ„ annorlunda ut idag med moderna produktionsmetoder, statliga bidrag för bĂ€ttre beten och en större anvĂ€ndning av konstgödsel. Denna studie pĂ„ masternivĂ„ undersöker möjligheten att hĂ„lla Gotlandsruss pĂ„ extensiva beten och ingĂ„r i en större studie med namnet ”The Gotland pony as a conservationist – a way to promote biodiversity and conserve an endangered breed”. Gotlandsponnyn Ă€r för övrigt den enda inhemska ponnyrasen i Sverige och anses vĂ€l anpassad till det nordiska klimatet dĂ„ den Ă€r lĂ€ttfödd och hĂ€rdig (1998/99:MJ244). Rasen Ă€r en del av det svenska kulturarvet och Ă€r en av de husdjursraser som Sverige har bevarandeansvar för (Rapport 2010:14). I studien ingick ettĂ„riga hingstar som Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) har köpt frĂ„n olika uppfödare. HĂ€starna delades upp i tre grupper med fyra hingstar i varje grupp. I Sverige Ă€r det inte tillĂ„tet med stödutfodring för djur som betar pĂ„ betesmark med höga natur- och kulturvĂ€rden, av skĂ€l som att fodret kan införa frö och dĂ€rmed arter som inte hör hemma i naturbetesmarken (Jordbruksverket, 2015). HĂ€starna i studien fick dĂ€rför klara sig pĂ„ att söka föda i de hagar och skogar som de hĂ„lls pĂ„ i studien. Normalt Ă€r detta inte tillĂ„tet enligt Svensk lag dĂ„ hĂ€star och andra boskap mĂ„ste stödutfodras om betestillgĂ„ngen inte anses tillrĂ€cklig, dvs under vinterhalvĂ„ret (SFS 1988:534; DFS 2007:6 L101). HĂ€starna undersöktes, sĂ„vĂ€l fysiskt som beteendemĂ€ssigt, vid fyra tillfĂ€llen under perioden september-december enligt det formulĂ€r som utvecklats enligt Welfare QualityÂź av Viksten et al. (submitted). Den fysiska delen innehöll parametrarna hullklassificering, pĂ€lskvalitet, hudstatus, man- och svans-status, ögon- och nosflöde, hĂ€lta- och, hovstatus, termisk komfort och andning. Den beteendemĂ€ssiga undersökningen fokuserade pĂ„ hĂ€starnas reaktion gentemot personen som utförde undersökningen och hĂ€starnas vilja till fysisk kontakt. Testen som anvĂ€ndes kallas “human approach test” och “avoidance distance test”. Resultatet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupperna nĂ€r det gĂ€ller poĂ€ngen för hullstatus. Den genomsnittliga hullpoĂ€ngen var 3,1 vid den första observationen i september och minskade till 2,5 vid den sista observationen som gjordes i december (Carroll & Huntington, 1988; Wright et al., 1998). HullpoĂ€ngen förĂ€ndrades markant mellan november och december (P<0,0001). Observationsdatum hade en signifikant pĂ„verkan pĂ„ förekomsten av hudskav, med en högre förekomst av skav vid observationerna de tvĂ„ första mĂ„naderna jĂ€mfört med de tvĂ„ sista (P<0,028). Undersökningen visar ocksĂ„ en ökande tendens till sĂ€mre hudstatus för den andra perioden av studien men resultatet var inte signifikant. Vid undersökningen av ”The human approach test”, visade det sig vara skillnader mellan sĂ„vĂ€l grupper (P<0,001) som observationstillfĂ€llen, (P<0,006). I grupp 1 visade hĂ€starna mindre intresse för observatören Ă€n i de andra tvĂ„ grupperna. Samtliga hĂ€star visade Ă€ven mindre intresse för observantören vid observationstillfĂ€llet i november jĂ€mfört med september och oktober. Den andra delen ”The avoidance distance test” kunde inte analyseras statistiskt pĂ„ grund av för lĂ„g varians. Gotlandsrussen klarade av att hĂ„lla ett acceptabelt hull under tiden för studien, dvs. under perioden september till december. Individuella skillnader förekom dĂ„ vissa individer lyckades hĂ„lla ett bĂ€ttre hull Ă€n andra. FörmĂ„gan att ansamla fett under vĂ„r och sommarmĂ„nader Ă€r viktig, dĂ„ det pĂ„verkar hur vĂ€l hĂ€starna lyckas behĂ„lla ett bra hull under vintermĂ„nader. Ingen hĂ€st underskred vid nĂ„got observationstillfĂ€lle den faststĂ€llda undre grĂ€nsen för hullpoĂ€ng, men under nĂ€stkommande mĂ„nader Ă€r det troligt att vissa individer inte kommer kunna hĂ„lla ett acceptabelt hull. Framtida studier bör fokusera pĂ„ nĂ€r man bör stödutfodra hĂ€star som hĂ„lls extensivt och Ă€ven undersöka hur vĂ€l ston klarar sig utan stödutfodring vintertid. Gotlandsrusstudien visar pĂ„ alternativ för bevarandet av rasen och gynnar samtidigt den biologiska mĂ„ngfalden i sĂ„ vĂ€l flora som fauna

    Outcomes of a Multiprofessional Educational Intervention in Evidence-Based Practice

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    Background: Education is a commonly used intervention in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of an educational intervention on healthcare professionals&rsquo; perceived skills in finding, reviewing, and using research evidence in clinical practice. A further aim was to identify potential determinants for the outcome.Methods and Findings: A three-day course in EBP was designed for registered nurses, medical social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and dieticians. The Developing Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (DEBP) questionnaire was administered before and six months after the intervention (N = 274). Non-parametric statistics were used. The results showed an overall effect on ability to find research evidence (p = .0005) and ability to review research evidence (p = .0005), whereas there was no overall effect on use of research evidence in clinical practice (p = .18). However, some subgroups showed a significant improvement over time, for example, those whose profession was nursing or midwifery and those who had experience using evidence-based practice prior to the educational intervention.Conclusions: The results showed that a three-day course in EBP improved the participants&rsquo; ability to find and review research evidence, but it did not have an overall effect on the use of research evidence in clinical practice

    Outcomes of a Multiprofessional Educational Intervention in Evidence-Based Practice

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    Background: Education is a commonly used intervention in the development of evidence-based practice (EBP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of an educational intervention on healthcare professionals’ perceived skills in finding, reviewing, and using research evidence in clinical practice. A further aim was to identify potential determinants for the outcome.Methods and Findings: A three-day course in EBP was designed for registered nurses, medical social workers, physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and dieticians. The Developing Evidence-Based Practice Questionnaire (DEBP) questionnaire was administered before and six months after the intervention (N = 274). Non-parametric statistics were used. The results showed an overall effect on ability to find research evidence (p = .0005) and ability to review research evidence (p = .0005), whereas there was no overall effect on use of research evidence in clinical practice (p = .18). However, some subgroups showed a significant improvement over time, for example, those whose profession was nursing or midwifery and those who had experience using evidence-based practice prior to the educational intervention.Conclusions: The results showed that a three-day course in EBP improved the participants’ ability to find and review research evidence, but it did not have an overall effect on the use of research evidence in clinical practice
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