Genetic variation in the Solanaceae fruit bearing species lulo and tree tomato revealed by Conserved Ortholog (COSII) markers

The Lulo or naranjilla (Solanum quitoense Lam.) and the tree tomato or tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav. Sendt.) are both Andean tropical fruit species with high nutritional value and the potential for becoming premium products in local and export markets. Herein, we present a report on the genetic characterization of 62 accessions of lulos (n = 32) and tree tomatoes (n = 30) through the use of PCR-based markers developed from single-copy conserved orthologous genes (COSII) in other Solanaceae (Asterid) species. We successfully PCR amplified a set of these markers for lulos (34 out of 46 initially tested) and tree tomatoes (26 out of 41) for molecular studies. Six polymorphic COSII markers were found in lulo with a total of 47 alleles and five polymorphic markers in tree tomato with a total of 39 alleles in the two populations. Further genetic analyses indicated a high population structure (with FST > 0.90), which may be a result of low migration between populations, adaptation to various niches and the number of markers evaluated. We propose COSII markers as sound tools for molecular studies, conservation and the breeding of these two fruit species

Determinants of response to a parent questionnaire about development and behaviour in 3 year olds: European multicentre study of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Background: We aimed to determine how response to a parent-completed postal questionnaire measuring development, behaviour, impairment, and parental concerns and anxiety, varies in different European centres. Methods: Prospective cohort study of 3 year old children, with and without congenital toxoplasmosis, who were identified by prenatal or neonatal screening for toxoplasmosis in 11 centres in 7 countries. Parents were mailed a questionnaire that comprised all or part of existing validated tools. We determined the effect of characteristics of the centre and child on response, age at questionnaire completion, and response to child drawing tasks. Results: The questionnaire took 21 minutes to complete on average. 67% (714/1058) of parents responded. Few parents (60/1058) refused to participate. The strongest determinants of response were the score for organisational attributes of the study centre (such as direct involvement in follow up and access to an address register), and infection with congenital toxoplasmosis. Age at completion was associated with study centre, presence of neurological abnormalities in early infancy, and duration of prenatal treatment. Completion rates for individual questions exceeded 92% except for child completed drawings of a man (70%), which were completed more by girls, older children, and in certain centres. Conclusion: Differences in response across European centres were predominantly related to the organisation of follow up and access to correct addresses. The questionnaire was acceptable in all six countries and offers a low cost tool for assessing development, behaviour, and parental concerns and anxiety, in multinational studies

The natural history and management of hamstring injuries

Hamstring injuries in sport can be debilitating. The anatomical complexity of this muscle makes uniform assessment of injury epidemiology difficult and insures that post-injury management strategies must be individually focused. This article reviews the anatomy of the hamstring, its role in athletic movement, common mechanisms of injury, and management guidelines with the goal of return into sporting activity in mind

The use of gamma-irradiation and ultraviolet-irradiation in the preparation of human melanoma cells for use in autologous whole-cell vaccines

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Human cancer vaccines incorporating autologous tumor cells carry a risk of implantation and subsequent metastasis of viable tumor cells into the patient who is being treated. Despite the fact that the melanoma cell preparations used in a recent vaccine trial (Mel37) were gamma-irradiated (200 Gy), approximately 25% of the preparations failed quality control release criteria which required that the irradiated cells incorporate ³H-thymidine at no more than 5% the level seen in the non-irradiated cells. We have, therefore, investigated ultraviolet (UV)-irradiation as a possible adjunct to, or replacement for gamma-irradiation.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Melanoma cells were gamma- and/or UV-irradiated. ³H-thymidine uptake was used to assess proliferation of the treated and untreated cells. Caspase-3 activity and DNA fragmentation were measured as indicators of apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis was used to assess antigen expression.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>UV-irradiation, either alone or in combination with gamma-irradiation, proved to be extremely effective in controlling the proliferation of melanoma cells. In contrast to gamma-irradiation, UV-irradiation was also capable of inducing significant levels of apoptosis. UV-irradiation, but not gamma-irradiation, was associated with the loss of tyrosinase expression. Neither form of radiation affected the expression of gp100, MART-1/MelanA, or S100.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>These results indicate that UV-irradiation may increase the safety of autologous melanoma vaccines, although it may do so at the expense of altering the antigenic profile of the irradiated tumor cells.</p

Utilização do esfigmomanômetro na avaliação da força dos músculos extensores e flexores da articulação do joelho em militares Utilización del esfigmomanómetro en la evaluación de la fuerza de los músculos extensores y flexores de la articulación de la rodilla en militares Use of the sphygmomanometer in the evaluation of the knee joint flexor and extensor muscle strength in militaries

FUNDAMENTOS E OBJETIVO: Este estudo descritivo comparativo visa analisar a força nos diferentes ângulos na extensão e flexão do joelho em militares. Seu objetivo foi o de avaliar a força dos músculos extensores e flexores da articulação do joelho em diferentes ângulos por meio de esfigmomanômetro modificado (EM) em militares saudáveis. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 31 militares, sendo 19 do sexo feminino e 12 do sexo masculino, com idade média de 26,5 ± 5,8 anos; estatura média respectiva de 162,00 ± 0,06 (cm) e 175,00 ± 0,06 (cm); massa corporal média de 56,83 ± 5,85 (kg) e 73,25 ± 10,46 (kg). A metodologia de avaliação foi a proposta por Helewa, Goldsmith e Smithe (1981), utilizando-se o esfigmomanômetro modificado (EM). As contrações isométricas máximas em 30º de flexão e 30º/90º de extensão foram obtidas no teste de execução (Make test), na mesa flexo-extensora Inbaf e registradas pelo EM Tycos. A análise dos dados foi descritiva, aplicando-se o teste "t" de Student para comparar as médias, adotando-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Tanto no grupo feminino quanto no masculino, observou-se diferença significativa somente entre os ângulos de 30 e 90 graus da extensão do joelho direito (p > 0,05). Nos ângulos de 90 graus para a extensão e 30 graus para a flexão do joelho não foram observadas diferenças significativas intragrupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Os militares apresentaram diferenças de força entre os grupos musculares anterior e posterior da articulação do joelho nos diversos ângulos estudados. A metodologia utilizada mostrou-se satisfatória para avaliação qualitativa da força.<br>FUNDAMENTOS Y OBJETIVO: Este estudio descriptivo comparativo tiene el objetivo de analizar la fuerza en los distintos ángulos en la extensión y flexión de la rodilla en militares saludables, utilizándose el esfigmomanómetro modificado (EM). MÉTODOS: Se evaluaron 31 militares, 19 del sexo femenino y 12 del sexo masculino, con promedio de edad de 26,5 ± 5,8 años, promedio de estatura respectiva de 162,00 ± 0,06 (cm) y 175,00 ± 0,06 (cm); promedio de masa corporal de 56,83 ± 5,85 (kg) y 73,25 ± 10,46 (kg). Se empleó la metodología de evaluación sugerida por Helewa, Goldsmith y Smithe (1981), utilizándose el esfigmomanómetro modificado (EM). Las contracciones isométricas máximas en 30º de flexión y 30º/90º de extensión se obtuvieron en la prueba de ejecución (Make test), en la mesa flexo-extensora Inbaf y registradas por EM Tycos. El análisis de los datos fue descriptiva, aplicándose la prueba "t" de Student para comparar los valores promedios, adoptándose un nivel de significancia de p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Tanto en el grupo femenino como en el masculino, se observó una diferencia significativa solamente entre los ángulos de 30 y 90 grados de la extensión de la rodilla derecha (p > 0,05). En los ángulos de 90 grados para la extensión y 30 grados para la flexión de la rodilla, no se observaron diferencias significativas intragrupos (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIÓN: Los militares presentaron diferencias de fuerza entre los grupos musculares anterior y posterior de la articulación de la rodilla en los diferentes ángulos estudiados. La metodología utilizada se mostró satisfactoria para la evaluación cualitativa de la fuerza.<br>BASES AND OBJECTIVE: This is a comparative and descriptive study that aims at analyzing the strength for the different angles of the knee flexion and extension in militaries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the extensor and flexor muscles of the knee joint for different angles by means of the Modified Sphygmomanometer (MS) in healthy militaries. METHODS: The sample was composed of 31 militaries as follows: 19 male and 12 female with average age of 26.5 ± 5.8 years; respective average height of 162.00 ± 0.06 (cm) and 175.00 ± 0.06 (cm) and average body mass of 56.83 ± 5.85 (kg) and 73.25 ± 10.46 (kg). The evaluation methodology was the one proposed by Helewa, Goldsmith and Smithe (1981) using Modified Sphygmomanometer (MS). The maximal isometric contractions at 30º of flexion and 30º/90º of extension were obtained in the Make test, in the Inbaf flexion-extension table and recorded by the MS Tycos. The data was analyzed using the "t" Student-test to compare the averages, and the significance level adopted was p > 0.05. RESULTS: In both the female and the male groups, significant difference was only observed between angles of 30 and 90 degrees of the right knee extension (p > 0.05). At angles of 90 degrees for the knee extension and of 30 degrees for knee flexion, no intra-groups significant differences were observed (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Militaries present strength differences between knee joint anterior and posterior muscular groups at the different angles studied. The methodology used showed to be satisfactory for the strength qualitative evaluation