Getting at language use in translation history through dictionaries produced for interpreters

This paper examines dictionaries produced for military interpreters on the Western Front during the First World War as a source on the history of military interpreting. Methods from lexicography, translation studies, and the cultural history of the First World War provide us with possible approaches to this unique trace of language use in the past. History of translation and interpreting is thus shown to be in construction on the boundaries of several disciplines which mutually enrich each other

A survey of electric and hybrid vehicle simulation programs, volume 1

Development and capabilities of automotive performance simulation programs suitable for electric and hybrid vehicle studies are considered

A survey of electric and hybrid vehicle simulation programs

Results of a survey conducted within the United States to determine the extent of development and capabilities of automotive performance simulation programs suitable for electric and hybrid vehicle studies are summarized. Altogether, 111 programs were identified as being in a usable state. The complexity of the existing programs spans a range from a page of simple desktop calculator instructions to 300,000 lines of a high-level programming language. The capability to simulate electric vehicles was most common, heat-engines second, and hybrid vehicles least common. Batch-operated programs are slightly more common than interactive ones, and one-third can be operated in either mode. The most commonly used language was FORTRAN, the language typically used by engineers. The higher-level simulation languages (e.g. SIMSCRIPT, GPSS, SIMULA) used by "model builders" were conspicuously lacking

A comparison of resting metabolic rates among cardiovascular fit, muscularly fit, and sedentary men

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was studied in 29 cardiovascularly-trained (CV), resistance-trained (WT), and sedentary men (Sed) between the ages of 18 and 35 years. The hypothesis was that CV (n = 9) and WT (n = 10) would have higher resting metabolic rates than Sed (n = 10). RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry for 20 minutes in a fasted and resting condition. Expressed per kilogram of body weight, the mean RMR for CV was 3.205 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.357 ml/kg min, while those of WT and Sed were 3.032 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.481 and 3.005 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.642 ml/kg min, respectively. Expressed per kilogram of lean body mass, the mean of CV was 3.529 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.353 ml/kg LBM min, while those of WT and Sed were 3.464 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.628 and 3.550 {dollar}\pm{dollar} 0.770 ml/kg LBM min., respectively. One-way ANOVA tests revealed no differences in RMR among any of the three groups expressed as ml/kg min (F = 0.42, p {dollar}\u3e{dollar} 0.05) or as ml/kg LBM min (F = 0.05, p {dollar}\u3e{dollar} 0.05)

Immigration law : a theological response

Peer reviewedPostprin

Increased systemic inflammation is associated with cardiac and vascular dysfunction over the first 12 weeks of antiretroviral therapy among undernourished, HIV-infected adults in Southern Africa.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.INTRODUCTION: Persistent systemic inflammation is associated with mortality among undernourished, HIV-infected adults starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa, but the etiology of these deaths is not well understood. We hypothesized that greater systemic inflammation is accompanied by cardiovascular dysfunction over the first 12 weeks of ART. METHODS: In a prospective cohort of 33 undernourished (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2) Zambian adults starting ART, we measured C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 1 (TNF-α R1), and soluble CD163 and CD14 at baseline and 12 weeks. An EndoPAT device measured the reactive hyperemia index (LnRHI; a measure of endothelial responsiveness), peripheral augmentation index (AI; a measure of arterial stiffness), and heart rate variability (HRV; a general marker of autonomic tone and cardiovascular health) at the same time points. We assessed paired changes in inflammation and cardiovascular parameters, and relationships independent of time point (adjusted for age, sex, and CD4+ T-cell count) using linear mixed models. RESULTS: Serum CRP decreased (median change -3.5 mg/l, p=0.02), as did TNF-α R1 (-0.31 ng/ml, p<0.01), over the first 12 weeks of ART. A reduction in TNF-α R1 over 12 weeks was associated with an increase in LnRHI (p=0.03), and a similar inverse relationship was observed for CRP and LnRHI (p=0.07). AI increased in the cohort as a whole over 12 weeks, and a reduction in sCD163 was associated with a rise in the AI score (p=0.04). In the pooled analysis of baseline and 12 week data, high CRP was associated with lower HRV parameters (RMSSD, p=0.01; triangular index, p<0.01), and higher TNF- α R1 accompanied lower HRV (RMSSD, p=0.07; triangular index, p=0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Persistent inflammation was associated with impaired cardiovascular health over the first 12 weeks of HIV treatment among undernourished adults in Africa, suggesting cardiac events may contribute to high mortality in this population.This work was supported by the Vanderbilt Meharry Center for AIDS Research (NIH grant number P30 AI54999); the NIH Fogarty International Center, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute, and National Institute of Mental Health, through the Vanderbilt-Emory-Cornell-Duke Consortium for Global Health Fellows (grant number R25 TW009337); the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (CTSA award number UL1TR000445) and the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (grant IP.2009.33011.004)