Studies on the Life Cycle and Transmission of \u3ci\u3eCougourdella\u3c/i\u3e Sp., A Microsporidian Parasite of \u3ci\u3eGlossosoma Nigrior\u3c/i\u3e (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae)

The trichopteran Glossosoma nigrior, the dominant benthic invertebrate grazer in Michigan trout streams, hosts a microsporidian (Protozoa) pathogen, Cougourdella sp., which strongly regulates the population density of larvae in the stream. In order to better understand the interactions between these two species, two possible modes of pathogen transmission, oral and transovum, were investigated. While both sexes of adult G. nigrior were found to be infected with mature environmental spores, spores were not found associated with reproductive tissue. This suggests that transovum transmission does not occur in this system. Glossosoma nigrior, when ex- posed to viable spores taken from infected larvae, did not produce Cougourdella sp. infections, which suggests that oral transmission also does not occur. It is possible that an intermediate host is required

Contemporary Evolutionary Divergence for a Protected Species following Assisted Colonization

Contemporary evolution following assisted colonization may increase the probability of persistence for refuge populations established as a bet-hedge for protected species. Such refuge populations are considered "genetic replicates" that might be used for future re-colonization in the event of a catastrophe in the native site. Although maladaptive evolutionary divergence of captive populations is well recognized, evolutionary divergence of wild refuge populations may also occur on contemporary time scales. Thus, refuge populations may lose their "value" as true genetic replicates of the native population. Here, we show contemporary evolutionary divergence in body shape in an approximately 30-year old refuge population of the protected White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa) resulting in a body-shape mismatch with its native environment.Geometric morphometic data were collected from C. tularosa cultures raised in experimental mesocosms. Cultures were initiated with fish from the two native populations, plus hybrids, in high or low salinity treatments representing the salinities of the two native habitats. We found that body shape was heritable and that shape variation due to phenotypic plasticity was small compared to shape variation due to population source. C. tularosa from the high salinity population retained slender body shapes and fish from the low salinity population retained deep body shapes, irrespective of mesocosm salinity. These data suggest that the observed divergence of a recently established pupfish population was not explained by plasticity. An analysis of microsatellite variation indicated that no significant genetic drift occurred in the refuge population, further supporting the adaptive nature of changes in body shape. These lines of evidence suggest that body shape divergence of the refuge population reflects a case of contemporary evolution (over a 30-year period).These results suggest assisted colonization can introduce novel, and/or relaxed selection, and lead to unintended evolutionary divergence

Notes for genera: basal clades of Fungi (including Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota)

Compared to the higher fungi (Dikarya), taxonomic and evolutionary studies on the basal clades of fungi are fewer in number. Thus, the generic boundaries and higher ranks in the basal clades of fungi are poorly known. Recent DNA based taxonomic studies have provided reliable and accurate information. It is therefore necessary to compile all available information since basal clades genera lack updated checklists or outlines. Recently, Tedersoo et al. (MycoKeys 13:1--20, 2016) accepted Aphelidiomycota and Rozellomycota in Fungal clade. Thus, we regard both these phyla as members in Kingdom Fungi. We accept 16 phyla in basal clades viz. Aphelidiomycota, Basidiobolomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Calcarisporiellomycota, Caulochytriomycota, Chytridiomycota, Entomophthoromycota, Glomeromycota, Kickxellomycota, Monoblepharomycota, Mortierellomycota, Mucoromycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Olpidiomycota, Rozellomycota and Zoopagomycota. Thus, 611 genera in 153 families, 43 orders and 18 classes are provided with details of classification, synonyms, life modes, distribution, recent literature and genomic data. Moreover, Catenariaceae Couch is proposed to be conserved, Cladochytriales Mozl.-Standr. is emended and the family Nephridiophagaceae is introduced

Video in metal health practice : an activites handbook/ Heilveil

xiii, 186 hal: ill.; 23 cm

The effectiveness of group counseling techniques in the vocational rehabilitation of the physically handicapped

Vocational rehabilitation of the physically handicapped client presents certain problems for the rehabilitation counselor. The client's motivation to become a productive worker is attenuated by tong hospitalization, public assistance programs, destruction or tack of an established rote as a worker and a possible deficiency of social skill. The basis of these problems is hypothesized to be due to low ego strength and lack of self-esteem. The ego is apparently strengthened by positive experiences acquired in the context of a group of persons, especially those with difficulties similar to those of the individual. It is believed therefore, that group techniques are the treatment of choice for this population as these provide a nonthreatening, accepting atmosphere, and an association with one's peers. Small groups, in addition to being used for therapy, are also employed to teach the rote of the worker to teen-agers and previously unemployed persons and to prepare clients for job interviews. This is accomplished primarily through rote-playing. The group also prepared the resistant client to receive rehabilitation services and provides him a place to discuss his job problems white in training and after placement. Small group counseling is used with family members in order to assist them to understand the difficulties of the disabled relative. In addition it teaches them how to help him maximize his physical and vocational capabilities, and to maintain and improve his psychological health. Milieu rehabilitation is a large group procedure used primarily in hospital settings, involving the entire staff and patient population, it is also found to be a useful technique for accomplishing the aforementioned goats. Most studies reviewed were found to be tacking in comparison groups, making it difficult to evaluate the worth of their findings, though these were considered by their authors to show varying degrees of positive results. Property executed studies yielded results which indicate that group techniques are valuable toots for working with the physically handicapped client toward better vocational adjustment.Psychology, Department o

The effect of large pools (i.e. lakes) on streams.

The effect of lakes on rivers is a poorly studied phenomena. As a river runs through the lake, it is effected by the ground water inputs in the lake and the residence time of the water. The assumption was made that nutrient levels would decrease, while discharge and conductivity increased. Water samples were collected and discharge was taken at each of the inlets and outlets. The samples were analyzed for nitrates, total nitrogen, SRPs, conductivity and Gilvin. The streams that encountered natural lakes howed an increase in discharge, and conductivity; while the stream that passed through an impoundment experienced a decrease in these two factors. In all three lakes sampled, nitrates, SRPs, and Gilvin underwent a decrease from inflow to outflow. The largest natural lake experienced an increase in total nitrogen, even though both the other lakes caused the load of total nitrogen to decrease. From this data, natural lakes can be assumed to reduce nutrient loads while increasing flow. It can also be assumed that impoundments decrease both nutrient loads and flow.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/54604/1/3044.pdfDescription of 3044.pdf : Access restricted to on-site users at the U-M Biological Station