440 research outputs found
First Detection of Mid-Infrared Variability from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source Holmberg II X-1
We present mid-infrared (IR) light curves of the Ultraluminous X-ray Source
(ULX) Holmberg II X-1 from observations taken between 2014 January 13 and 2017
January 5 with the \textit{Spitzer Space Telescope} at 3.6 and 4.5 m in
the \textit{Spitzer} Infrared Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS). The mid-IR
light curves, which reveal the first detection of mid-IR variability from a
ULX, is determined to arise primarily from dust emission rather than from a jet
or an accretion disk outflow. We derived the evolution of the dust temperature
( K), IR luminosity (
), mass (
), and equilibrium temperature radius
( AU). A comparison of X-1 with a sample
spectroscopically identified massive stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud on a
mid-IR color-magnitude diagram suggests that the mass donor in X-1 is a
supergiant (sg) B[e]-star. The sgB[e]-interpretation is consistent with the
derived dust properties and the presence of the [Fe II] (
m) emission line revealed from previous near-IR studies of X-1. We
attribute the mid-IR variability of X-1 to increased heating of dust located in
a circumbinary torus. It is unclear what physical processes are responsible for
the increased dust heating; however, it does not appear to be associated with
the X-ray flux from the ULX given the constant X-ray luminosities provided by
serendipitous, near-contemporaneous X-ray observations around the first mid-IR
variability event in 2014. Our results highlight the importance of mid-IR
observations of luminous X-ray sources traditionally studied at X-ray and radio
wavelengths.Comment: 9 page, 4 figures, 1 table, Accepted to ApJ Letter
The mass function of GX 339-4 from spectroscopic observations of its donor star
We obtained 16 VLT/X-shooter observations of GX 339-4 in quiescence in the
period May - September 2016 and detected absorption lines from the donor star
in its NIR spectrum. This allows us to measure the radial velocity curve and
projected rotational velocity of the donor for the first time. We confirm the
1.76 day orbital period and we find that = km s,
km s and km s. From
these values we compute a mass function , a
factor lower than previously reported, and a mass ratio . We confirm the donor is a K-type star and estimate that it contributes
of the light in the - and H-band. We constrain the binary
inclination to and the black hole mass to
. GX 339-4 may therefore be the
first black hole to fall in the 'mass-gap' of .Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in Ap
Evidence for the existence of homolateral and contralateral projections from the substantia nigra to the subthalamic nucleus in the rat
Hemichorea/ballism is a rare neurological disorder but the crucial involvement of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in its pathophysiology is appreciated since decades. The idiopathic Parkinson’s disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder but the key role of the STN in the pathophysiological origin of the parkinsonian state became only recently evident. The STN was believed to exert an inhibitory, probably – GABA-mediated, effect on its projection nuclei, and this belief is one of the major reasons to overlook the involvement of the STN in the parkinsonian pathophysiology. It is now firmly established that the STN projection neurons are glutamatergic, excitatory, and heavily innervate by widely branching axons of the substantia nigra (SN), the internal pallidal segment (GPI), followed by the external pallidal segment (GPE) and the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN)
Stochastic homogenization of plasticity equations
In the context of infinitesimal strain plasticity with hardening, we derive a stochastic homogenization result. We assume that the coefficients of the equation are random functions: elasticity tensor, hardening parameter and
flow-rule function are given through a dynamical system on a probability space.
A parameter \epsilon > 0 denotes the typical length scale of oscillations. We derive effective equations that describe the behavior of solutions in the limit \epsion -> 0. The homogenization procedure is based on the fact that stochastic coefficients “allow averaging”: For one representative volume element, a strain evolution [0; T] \ni t \mapsto\xi(t) \in Rd^dxd _s induces a stress evolution [0; T] \ni t \mapsto\Sigma(\xi)(t) \in Rd^dxd _s . Once the hysteretic evolution law \Sigma is justified for averages, we obtain that
the macroscopic limit equation is given by -\triangledown\cdot\Sigma(\triangledown^s u) = f
Stochastic homogenization of rate-dependent models of monotone type in plasticity
In this work we deal with the stochastic homogenization of the initial boundary value problems of monotone type. The models of monotone type under consideration describe the deformation behaviour of inelastic materials with a microstructure which can be characterised by random measures. Based on the Fitzpatrick function concept we reduce the study of the asymptotic behaviour of monotone operators associated with our models to the problem of the stochastic homogenization of convex functionals within an ergodic and stationary setting. The concept of Fitzpatrick's function helps us to introduce and show the existence of the weak solutions for rate-dependent systems. The derivations of the homogenization results presented in this work are based on the stochastic two-scale convergence in Sobolev spaces. For completeness, we also present some two-scale homogenization results for convex functionals, which are related to the classical Γ-convergence theory
Averaging of time-periodic dissipation potentials in rate-independent processes
We study the existence and well-posedness of rate-independent systems (or hysteresis operators) with a dissipation potential that oscillates in time with period ε. In particular, for the case of quadratic energies in a Hilbert space, we study the averaging limit ε → 0 and show that the effective dissipation potential is given by the minimum of all friction thresholds in one period, more precisely as the intersection of all the characteristic domains. We show that the rates of the process do not converge weakly, hence our analysis uses the notion of energetic solutions and relies on a detailed estimates to obtain a suitable equi-continuity of the solutions in the limit ε → 0
Quiescent NIR and optical counterparts to candidate black hole X-ray binaries
We present near-infrared and optical imaging of fifteen candidate black hole
X-ray binaries. In addition to quiescent observations for all sources, we also
observed two of these sources (IGR J17451-3022 and XTE J1818-245) in outburst.
We detect the quiescent counterpart for twelve out of fifteen sources, and for
the remaining three we report limiting magnitudes. The magnitudes of the
detected counterparts range between = 17.59 and = 22.29 mag. We
provide (limits on) the absolute magnitudes and finding charts of all sources.
Of these twelve detections in quiescence, seven represent the first quiescent
reported values (for MAXI J1543-564, XTE J1726-476, IGR J17451-3022, XTE
J1818-245, MAXI J1828-249, MAXI J1836-194, Swift J1910.2-0546) and two
detections show fainter counterparts to XTE J1752-223 and XTE J2012+381 than
previously reported. We used theoretical arguments and observed trends, for
instance between the outburst and quiescent X-ray luminosity and orbital period
to derive an expected trend between and of
. Comparing this to observations we
find a different behaviour. We discuss possible explanations for this result.Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Characterisation of a candidate dual AGN
We present Chandra and optical observations of a candidate dual AGN
discovered serendipitously while searching for recoiling black holes via a
cross-correlation between the serendipitous XMM source catalog (2XMMi) and
SDSS-DR7 galaxies with a separation no larger than ten times the sum of their
Petrosian radii. The system has a stellar mass ratio M/M. One of the galaxies (Source 1) shows clear evidence for AGN activity in
the form of hard X-ray emission and optical emission-line diagnostics typical
of AGN ionisation. The nucleus of the other galaxy (Source 2) has a soft X-ray
spectrum, bluer colours, and optical emission line ratios dominated by stellar
photoionisation with a "composite" signature, which might indicate the presence
of a weak AGN. When plotted on a diagram with X-ray luminosity vs [OIII]
luminosity both nuclei fall within the locus defined by local Seyfert galaxies.
From the optical spectrum we estimate the electron densities finding n e cm and n e cm. From a 2D
decomposition of the surface brightness distribution we infer that both
galaxies host rotationally supported bulges (Sersic index ). While the
active nature of Source 1 can be established with confidence, whether the
nucleus of Source 2 is active remains a matter of debate. Evidence that a faint
AGN might reside in its nucleus is, however, tantalising.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figures. Accepted for publication on MNRAS. Comments
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