Role of fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of hepatic lesions

Objective: To evaluate the role of Fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) as a first line of investigation in space occupying lesions of liver and to study the various cytological patterns in hepatic lesions, categorizing them into non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study of a total of 138 guided Fine needle aspirations was done at Father Muller Medical College Mangalore, during the period of Jan 2011 to Dec 2013. Papanicolaou (Pap) and May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stained smears was reviewed and analysed under the microscope. Results: Age ranged from 22 to 85 yrs. 122 out of 138 were conclusive. 17 out of 122 were benign lesions, 8 cases were reported as negative for malignancy, 2 suspicious for malignancy, 95 were malignant cases of which 40 were primary in the liver. Metastatic lesions were 55 including squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, malignant melanoma, neuroendocrine and small cell carcinoma. One case of spindle cell neoplasm was reported the histopathology of which was inconclusive. Conclusion : Guided FNA is a first line of investigation in space occupying lesions of liver as the procedure is safe, simple, rapid, effective and minimally invasive

Synthesis of pyrimidones and evaluation of their xanthine oxidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities

The increasing prevalence of gout has been accompanied by a growing number of patients intolerant to or with disease refractory to the available urate-lowering therapies. This metabolic disease is a common disease with a higher prevalence in men older than 30 years and in women older than 50 years. These findings highlight the need for emerging treatments to effectively lower urate levels. In this view, we describe the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activities of the synthesized compounds 5a-j and also their antioxidant activities. Compounds 5c, 5d, 5f, 5h, and 5j exhibited good inhibitory activities against XO. On the other hand, compounds 5g and 5j exhibited moderate antioxidant activity. In order to find new urate-lowering compounds, the xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory and antioxidant activities of the newly synthesized pyrimidones 5a-j were evaluated. Compounds 5c, 5d, 5f, 5h, and 5j exhibited good inhibitory activities against XO. In addition, compounds 5g and 5j showed moderate antioxidant activity

Hydrophobic interactions of phenoxazine MDR modulators with bovine serum albumin

The binding of 10-3'-(N-piperidino)propyl]-2-trifluoromethy]phenoxazine 1, 10- 3'-(beta -hydroxyethylpiperazino)propyl]-2-trifluoromethylphenoxazine 2, 10-4'-(N-diethylamino)butyl]-2-trifluoromethylphenoxazine 3, 10-4'-(N-piperidino)butyl]-2-trifluoromethylphenoxazine 4 and 10-4'-(N-diethylamino)butyl]-2-chlorophenoxazine 5 to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been measured by gel filtration and equilibrium dialysis methods. The binding of these modulators to albumin has been characterized by the following parameters: percentage of bound drug (beta), the association constant (K-I), the apparent binding constant (k) and the free energy (DeltaF degrees). In addition, the displacing activity of hydroxyzine and acetylsalicylic acid on the binding of phenoxazine to albumin has been examined. The binding of phenoxazine derivatives to serum transporter protein, BSA, is correlated with their partition coefficients. The results of the displacing experiments reveal that the phenoxazine benzene rings and the tertiary amines attached to the side chain of the phenoxazine moiety are bound to a hydrophobic area on the albumin molecule