Moving an incisor across the midline: A treatment alternative in an adolescent patient

A 13-year-old sought treatment for a severely compromised maxillary left central incisor and an impacted fully developed left canine. Extraction of both teeth became necessary. As the key component of the revised comprehensive treatment plan, the right maxillary central incisor was moved into the position of the left central incisor. All other maxillary teeth were moved mesially to close any gaps. Active orthodontic treatment was completed after 34 months. Frenectomy, minor periodontal surgeries, and bonded lingual retainers were used to improve aesthetics and stabilize the tooth positions. The patient was pleased with the treatment outcome. Cone-beam computed tomography provided evidence that the tooth movement was accompanied by a deviation of the most anterior portion of the median palatine suture. This observation may make relapse more likely if long-term retention cannot be ensured. Root resorption was not observed as a consequence of the major tooth movement. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;139:533-43

Napoleon and Russia and the Teaty of Tilsit: Its Implications for Europe

The Treaty of Tilsit of 1807 between Russia and France was a minor slowing of the flow of the Napoleonic Wars that dominated Europe in the early nineteenth century. It united the two nations against Britain, but, in larger terms, it polarized continental Europe into two separate (or distinct) conflicting spheres. The treaty and its effects provided a foreshadowing of post-World War I Europe and the subsequent twentieth-century concept of peaceful coexistence. The major personalities involved in making the treaty were Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon Bonaparte of France. Their meeting on a boat in the Niemen River had frequently been depicted as a romantic convergence of east and west, yet, the theatrical air of these conversations quickly disintegrated into the polarization of France and Russia after 1807. But the general mood of the period, at least for Russia, was one of hopeful anticipation. The diplomacy of Polish Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, who served as Alexander\u27s Foreign Minister in the period leading up to the actual negotiations, suggested an uncanny understanding of European realities along with a heightened sense of idealism and a desire for continental peace. But the Treaty of Tilsit was never intended to bring peace and serve as a permanent agreement. In the end, the treaty offered Russia the opportunity to join the theater of European affairs as an equal member. The treaty defined Russia, formerly an unknown quantity of the east, as a legitimate power in the affairs of the west and, therefore, worthy of Bonaparte\u27s diplomatic consideration

Bonding with Self-etching Primers – Pumice or Pre-etch? An \u3cem\u3ein vitro\u3c/em\u3e Study

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBSs) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer (SEP) using different enamel surface preparations. A two-by-two factorial study design was used. Sixty human premolars were harvested, cleaned, and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15 per group). Teeth were bathed in saliva for 48 hours to form a pellicle. Treatments were assigned as follows: group 1 was pumiced for 10 seconds and pre-etched for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid before bonding with SEP (Transbond Plus). Group 2 was pumiced for 10 seconds before bonding. Group 3 was pre-etched for 5 seconds before bonding. Group 4 had no mechanical or chemical preparation before bonding. All teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before debonding. The SBS values and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score were recorded. The SBS values (±1 SD) for groups 1–4 were 22.9 ± 6.6, 16.1 ± 7.3, 36.2 ± 8.2, and 13.1 ± 10.1 MPa, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance and subsequent contrasts showed statistically significant differences among treatment groups. ARI scores indicated the majority of adhesive remained on the bracket for all four groups. Pre-etching the bonding surface for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid, instead of pumicing, when using SEPs to bond orthodontic brackets, resulted in greater SBSs

Bonding with Self-etching Primers – Pumice or Pre-etch? An \u3cem\u3ein vitro\u3c/em\u3e Study

The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strengths (SBSs) of orthodontic brackets bonded with self-etching primer (SEP) using different enamel surface preparations. A two-by-two factorial study design was used. Sixty human premolars were harvested, cleaned, and randomly assigned to four groups (n = 15 per group). Teeth were bathed in saliva for 48 hours to form a pellicle. Treatments were assigned as follows: group 1 was pumiced for 10 seconds and pre-etched for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid before bonding with SEP (Transbond Plus). Group 2 was pumiced for 10 seconds before bonding. Group 3 was pre-etched for 5 seconds before bonding. Group 4 had no mechanical or chemical preparation before bonding. All teeth were stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C before debonding. The SBS values and adhesive remnant index (ARI) score were recorded. The SBS values (±1 SD) for groups 1–4 were 22.9 ± 6.6, 16.1 ± 7.3, 36.2 ± 8.2, and 13.1 ± 10.1 MPa, respectively. Two-way analysis of variance and subsequent contrasts showed statistically significant differences among treatment groups. ARI scores indicated the majority of adhesive remained on the bracket for all four groups. Pre-etching the bonding surface for 5 seconds with 37 per cent phosphoric acid, instead of pumicing, when using SEPs to bond orthodontic brackets, resulted in greater SBSs

Modulation of contractility in human cardiac hypertrophy by myosin essential light chain isoforms

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response that normalizes wall stress and compensates for increased workload. It is accompanied by distinct qualitative and quantitative changes in the expression of protein isoforms concerning contractility, intracellular Ca2+-homeostasis and metabolism. Changes in the myosin subunit isoform expression improves contractility by an increase in force generation at a given Ca2+-concentration (increased Ca2+-sensitivity) and by improving the economy of the chemo-mechanical transduction process per amount of utilised ATP (increased duty ratio). In the human atrium this is achieved by partial replacement of the endogenous fast myosin by the ventricular slow-type heavy and light chains. In the hypertrophic human ventricle the slow-type β-myosin heavy chains remain unchanged, but the ectopic expression of the atrial myosin essential light chain (ALC1) partially replaces the endogenous ventricular isoform (VLC1). The ventricular contractile apparatus with myosin containing ALC1 is characterised by faster cross-bridge kinetics, a higher Ca2+-sensitivity of force generation and an increased duty ratio. The mechanism for cross-bridge modulation relies on the extended Ala-Pro-rich N-terminus of the essential light chains of which the first eleven residues interact with the C-terminus of actin. A change in charge in this region between ALC1 and VLC1 explains their functional difference. The intracellular Ca2+-handling may be impaired in heart failure, resulting in either higher or lower cytosolic Ca2+-levels. Thus the state of the cardiomyocyte determines whether this hypertrophic adaptation remains beneficial or becomes detrimental during failure. Also discussed are the effects on contractility of long-term changes in isoform expression of other sarcomeric proteins. Positive and negative modulation of contractility by short-term phosphorylation reactions at multiple sites in the myosin regulatory light chain, troponin-I, troponin-T, α-tropomyosin and myosin binding protein-C are considered in detai

The new heliospheric magnetic field: Observational implications

A summary of the new model of the heliospheric magnetic field and its observational implications is presented. We first introduce a global model for the steady-state configuration in the low corona and discuss solar and heliospheric implications of the resulting field configuration. Finally, we compare the effects of this model with random transport of field-lines due to reconnection on the solar surface and to the dynamic turbulent transport of magnetic field-lines. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87723/2/87_1.pd

A differentiable characterization of local contractions on Banach spaces

This note provides a differentiable characterization of local contractions on an arbitrary Banach space. As a corollary, a refinement to Ostrowski’s sufficient condition for local convergence in finite spaces is obtained, which applies to many models, e.g. in economics, ecology or game theory, where one has an interest in fixed point iterations and local stability of discrete dynamic processes. We show that for the local contraction property to hold, continuity of the derivative at the fixed point is indispensable

Management of slipped capital femoral epiphysis: results of a survey of the members of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society

AIM: To determine current practice recommendations for the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) among members of the European Paediatric Orthopaedic Society (EPOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A questionnaire with 4 case vignettes of a 12-year-old boy presenting with a stable and unstable SCFE. Each, stable and unstable slips, was of mild (20° epiphyseal-shaft angle) and of severe (60° epiphyseal-shaft angle) degree was sent to all members of EPOS in 2009 in order to ascertain their views on the best management of SCFE. Specifically, respondents were asked about the role of reduction, methods of fixation, prophylactic fixation of the non-affected hip, postoperative management and their view on the anticipated need for secondary surgery. RESULTS: The response rate was 25% (72/287). The participating surgeons' average workload was 76% in paediatric orthopaedics, with mean 16 years of experience. Surgeons were most consistent in their advice for stable slips, where around 90% of the respondents did not recommend a reduction of the slip regardless of severity of slip. Seventy per cent of the respondents recommended the use of only one screw for fixation of a stable slip and for mild unstable slips. For severe unstable slips, 46% of surgeons recommended reduction only by positioning of the hip on the fracture table, 35% by manipulation and 11% advised open reduction. Responders were less consistent in their advice on the anticipated need for secondary osteotomies (in mild slips about 40% and about 60% in severe slips would advise an osteotomy) and on treatment of the contralateral hip (with 32% of surgeons recommending prophylactic fixation of the contralateral hip). CONCLUSION: Within members of EPOS, there is controversy on several aspects of the management of SCFE particularly on aspects of the treatment of unstable SCFE. SIGNIFICANCE: Members of EPOS predominantly use traditional means of treatment for patients with SCFE. In contrast, the more modern treatment concepts, such as open reduction via surgical dislocation, are rarely used

The transition from slow to fast solar wind: Charge state composition and electron observations

The charge state composition is a very sensitive measure for the electron properties at around 2 solar radii heliocentric distance. Even though the basic principle of the charge-state freeze-in process is rather well understood, it is not clear how the non-thermal properties of the electron distribution functions influence the frozen-in charge states. The obvious question to ask, then, is whether in situ electrons exhibit the same temporal variations as the charge state composition. Using SWICS/ACE and 3DP/WIND data, we find that the core electrons are dominated by local effects like compression and have no memory of their coronal origin. Supra-thermal electrons, on the other hand, show a clear correlation with the charge state data. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/87725/2/495_1.pd