Mental Health and Substance Use in NCAA Athletes in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown.

Background Although the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had pervasive effects on the lives of individuals, its influence on the mental health of collegiate athletes remains unknown. This study aimed to assess changes in mental health and substance use in National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) Division I athletes in Southern California during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology An online survey was created using the Qualtrics software (Qualtrics, Provo, Utah). NCAA Division I athletes in Southern California completed preseason surveys querying indices of mental health, substance use, and injury in the year before the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2019 to March 2020) and during the pandemic (March 2020 to March 2021). The athletes filled out the survey from June 2021 to September 2021. Participants were asked how likely they were to agree with the following statements: I have felt physically prepared for athletic competitions, I have been satisfied with my mental health, and I have had adequate sleep. Participants were also asked to compare their substance use between the two time periods. Sociodemographic information regarding participants age, gender, sports team, as well as year in sport and school was also collected. Group comparison analyses were performed using Fishers exact test. Correlations between mental health measures and other variables were examined using Spearmans correlation coefficients. Results A total of 189 athletes completed the survey (out of the 259 surveys that were started). Females were significantly less likely to feel satisfied with mental health (p < 0.01) and physically prepared for sport (p < 0.01). Across all respondents, satisfaction with mental health was positively correlated with adequate sleep (p < 0.01) and physical preparedness for sport (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with injury (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between mental health status and history of COVID-19 infection (p = 0.84). The vast majority of athletes reported no significant change in substance use pre- to post-pandemic, with no differences according to sex. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic had a differential impact on the mental health of female versus male NCAA athletes. Mental health was correlated with sleep, physical preparedness, and being injury-free but not with a history of COVID-19 infection. Despite reports indicating increased substance use in the general population, athletes in this group reported no change in licit and illicit substance use

Firearm Safety, Gun Violence and Chicago Families: Voices of Child Health in Chicago Report

Chicago has seen continuing firearm violence, with over 2,000 shooting victims so far in 2021. The epidemic of firearm violence impacts children across the state, as it remains the number one cause of death in children and youth across Illinois. In some of our previous reports, Chicago parents identified gun violence as their top social concern for kids in the city, and in recent years, they reported it was the main social problem getting worse the fastest for Chicago youth. In this month's Voices of Child Health in Chicago Report, we focus on the importance of firearm safety and parents' concerns about gun violence in the city. We asked 1,505 Chicago parents from all 77 community areas in the city about their experiences with firearm safety as well as other gun violence prevention and concern-related questions.

Is a Two-Day Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test a Valid Tool for The Diagnosis of Post-Exertional Malaise in Long COVID?

A two-day cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) protocol (maximal ramp-incremental cycle test repeated 24hr apart) in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) patients has suggested that day-2 performance is decreased relative to day-1. This difference has been attributed to post-exertional malaise (PEM), suggesting the two-day CPET as a protocol to investigate PEM in Long COVID (LC) patients. PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate any effects of PEM on exercise performance and cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses to a two-day CPET in LC patients to determine whether the day-1 CPET would impair performance, cardiorespiratory responses or perceptions of exercise at day-2. METHODS: Fifteen LC patients with one or more symptoms persisting for more than three months after their initial infection [n=7 females; n=1 hospitalized; mean(SD); age 53(11) yrs; body mass index 32.2(8.5) kg/m2; time between COVID-19 onset and CPET 13(7) months; forced expiratory volume in 1 second 89(15) %pred; forced vital capacity 92(14) %pred; diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide 92(15) %pred; total lung capacity 86(12) %pred] were studied. Prior to any exercise testing, PEM was assessed relative to the past six months using the modified DePaul Symptom Questionnaire (mDSQ) (0-4 symptoms frequency and severity scores). Each performed a two-day CPET protocol; ramp was 10-20 W/min, with the same ramp rate used for the day-1 and day-2 CPET. Peak oxygen uptake, peak work rate, and gas exchange threshold were measured using standard techniques. Ratings of perceived dyspnea and leg effort during cycling were recorded at peak exercise using the modified Borg’s Scale (0-10). One-sample t-tests were used to assess significance of test-retest mean difference. RESULTS: The mDSQ indicated the presence of PEM symptoms in 80% of participants. However, no significant differences between day-1 and day-2 CPET were found in any of the variables assessed. CONCLUSION: The absence of any difference in cardiorespiratory and perceptual responses in 2-day CPET testing, despite patient reported presence of PEM symptoms, suggests that the two-day CPET protocol may not be a valid tool for the diagnosis of PEM in LC patients

Global change drivers and the risk of infectious disease

Anthropogenic change is contributing to the rise in emerging infectious diseases, but it remains unclear which global change drivers most increase disease and under what contexts. We amassed a dataset from the literature that includes 1,832 observations of infectious disease responses to global change drivers across 1,202 host-parasite combinations. We found that biodiversity loss, climate change, and introduced species were associated with increases in disease-related endpoints or harm (i.e., enemy release for introduced species), whereas urbanization was associated with decreases in disease endpoints. Natural biodiversity gradients, deforestation, forest fragmentation, and most classes of chemical contaminants had non-significant effects on these endpoints. Overall, these results were consistent across human and non-human diseases. Context-dependent effects of the global change drivers on disease were common and are discussed. These findings will help better target disease management and surveillance efforts towards global change drivers that increase disease.One-Sentence SummaryHere we quantify which global change drivers increase infectious diseases the most to better target global disease management and surveillance efforts

Mapping Youth-At-Risk: GIS and its Potential as a Service Integration Tool

This paper examines the utility of a spatial information tool in the form of a Geographic Information System (GIS)) in assisting human service agencies involved in integrated service approaches to engage in coordinated planning and service delivery initiatives. In accordance with an action research strategy, the aim of this study was to engage with stakeholders in the area of youth services and supports in a reflexive multidisciplinary environment regarding the potential of a spatial information tool in assisting integration and service delivery efforts. A number of maps depicting snapshots of demographic, disadvantage and housing data were produced, with the present paper reporting on stakeholders’ perceptions of both the mapped content and the potential of GIS in the development of a shared information system. Key issues relating to data collection, positioning in the information hierarchy and trust are discussed

Where is it and why is it there? : GIS and its potential use in the human services sector

The purpose of the present paper is to present the results of a study examining stakeholder perceptions of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in a Human Services environment. Policy shifts are increasingly requiring human service agencies to work collaboratively within and across geographic regions and funding boundaries, yet little is offered to assist agencies to both plan and provide for these integrated services. The present study uses a case study approach to examine the perceptions of service providers currently engaged in integration efforts regarding the potential of GIS to assist their agencies and sectors in service planning and provision. A series of GIS visualisations were produced and presented, in the context of a feedback session and four semi-structured interviews, to representatives of an inter-agency group specifically initiated to improve the integration of services for young people with complex needs. The data sets included demographic, social disadvantage and housing\ud information related to the group’s target population. The results suggest that stakeholders perceive that there could be advantages associated with utilising a GIS to present data at a regional scale, including the ability to: facilitate\ud communication across organisational boundaries, provide justification for decisions made at the regional level, and to potentially construct boundaries in alignment with the characteristics of people and place. The stakeholders also perceived potential disadvantages, including: that individual services could be found to be incongruent with the needs of the region, that data could be misinterpreted and potentially constructed in a way that was unreliable, and finally that problems arising from the construction of artificial bureaucratic boundaries could be re-enforced. From the results, it is possible to identify a number of key issues associated with the potential utilisation of GIS in the human services arena. It is recommended that a crucial topic for future investigation is how to develop a GIS appropriate for the human services sector in light of the opportunities and constraints identified by this research

How Communities Can Better Support Parents: Findings from an Effective Parenting Expo

This article focuses on identifying how communities can better support parents, families and young people. Participants at an Effective Parenting Expo (n=57) were surveyed about the value of the event, the challenges facing them as parents, and the changes that would significantly improve life for their family. This paper focuses on responses to one open-ended question, "Thinking of your community, what ONE change could be made to significantly improve life for your family?" Responses were coded into three key categories: Improved Sense of Community, Increased Support for Families and Safer Communities. These responses clearly demonstrate the importance that parents place on having a safe, cohesive and friendly community in which to raise their children. Unfortunately, with social capital, community interactions and connectedness declining, the challenge is how to reverse this trend and foster a stronger sense of community. Participants identified several changes they believed would build better communities, believing that free community activities, meeting places and practical parenting courses would better connect them with families in their own community. This research highlights the importance of community for family well-being, with parents identifying changes they believe will significantly improve life in their community for their family