Hybrid III-V/Si distributed-feedback laser based on adhesive bonding

A hybrid evanescently coupled III-V/silicon distributed-feedback laser with an integrated monitor photodiode, based on adhesive divinyl siloxane-benzocyclobutene bonding and emitting at 1310 nm, is presented. An output power of similar to 2.85 mW is obtained in a continuous wave regime at 10 degrees C. The threshold current is 20 mA and a sidemode suppression ratio of 45 dB is demonstrated. Optical feedback is provided via corrugations on top of the silicon rib waveguide, while a specially developed bonding procedure yields 40-nm-thick adhesive bonding layers, enabling efficient evanescent coupling

Água saturada com gesso na recuperação de solos aluviais salino-sódicos e sódicos

Inadequate management of soil and irrigation water contribute to soil degradation, particularly in the alluvial areas of Northeast Brazil, where salinity and sodicity are already common features. This study evaluates the effects of the addition of gypsum in the irrigation water on physical and chemical properties of soils with different levels of salinity and sodicity. Samples were collected at the Custódia irrigation area of Brazil, predominantly covered by alluvial soils. Leaching tests using simulated irrigation water classified as C3S1, and gypsum-saturated irrigation water were carried out in soil columns of 20 and 50 cm depth. Soil leaching with gypsum saturated water (T2) resulted in an increase in the amounts of exchangeable calcium and potassium, and in a decrease of soil pH, in relation to the original soil (T0), with significant statistical differences to the treatment using only water (T1). There was a reduction in the electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage in both treatments (T1 and T2), with treatment T2 being more effective in the leaching of soil sodium. No changes of electrical conductivity, calcium and pH in depth were observed, but the 20 - 50 cm layer presented higher amounts of magnesium, sodium and exchangeable sodium percentage. Gypsum saturated water improved the hydraulic conductivity in both layers. The use of gypsum in the irrigation water improved soil physical and chemical properties and should be considered as an alternative in the process of reclamation of saline-sodic and sodic soils in Northeast Brazil.O manejo inadequado do solo e da água de irrigação contribui para a degradação dos solos, particularmente nas áreas aluviais do Nordeste do Brasil, onde a salinidade e a sodicidade são características comumente observadas. Avaliaram-se os efeitos da adição do gesso na água de irrigação, sobre as propriedades físicas e químicas de solos com diferentes níveis de salinidade e sodicidade. Foram utilizadas amostras de solos provenientes do perímetro irrigado de Custódia, em Pernambuco, coletadas em uma área de solos aluviais. Foram feitos testes de lixiviação com água de composição semelhante à do açude de Custódia, classificada como C3S1, e com água saturada com gesso, em colunas de solo de 20 e 50 cm de profundidade. A lixiviação do solo com água saturada com gesso (T2) aumentou os teores de cálcio e potássio do solo e reduziu o pH em relação ao solo original (T0), diferindo do tratamento de lixiviação com água (T1). Houve redução da condutividade elétrica, do teor de sódio trocável e da percentagem de sódio trocável do solo nos dois tratamentos (T1 e T2), sendo que o tratamento T2 mostrou-se mais eficiente quanto à remoção do sódio. Os valores de condutividade elétrica, cálcio e pH não diferiram nas duas profundidades, mas a camada de 20 - 50 cm apresentou maiores teores de magnésio, sódio e percentagem de sódio trocável. A água saturada com gesso aumentou a condutividade hidráulica do solo em todo o perfil estudado. O uso do gesso na água de irrigação promoveu uma melhoria das condições físicas e químicas dos solos, podendo ser uma alternativa no processo de recuperação de solos salino-sódicos e sódicos no Nordeste do Brasil

Human marginal zone B cell development from early T2 progenitors.

B cells emerge from the bone marrow as transitional (TS) B cells that differentiate through T1, T2, and T3 stages to become naive B cells. We have identified a bifurcation of human B cell maturation from the T1 stage forming IgMhi and IgMlo developmental trajectories. IgMhi T2 cells have higher expression of α4β7 integrin and lower expression of IL-4 receptor (IL4R) compared with the IgMlo branch and are selectively recruited into gut-associated lymphoid tissue. IgMhi T2 cells also share transcriptomic features with marginal zone B cells (MZBs). Lineage progression from T1 cells to MZBs via an IgMhi trajectory is identified by pseudotime analysis of scRNA-sequencing data. Reduced frequency of IgMhi gut-homing T2 cells is observed in severe SLE and is associated with reduction of MZBs and their putative IgMhi precursors. The collapse of the gut-associated MZB maturational axis in severe SLE affirms its existence in health

Microtomografia computadorizada de raios-X na caracterização morfométrica dos poros de Neossolo Regolítico Eutrofico

O arranjo, orientação e organização dos grãos do solo de diferentes características são fatores determinísticos da estrutura do solo, como também, da porosidade desse meio. A porosidade possui forte influência na aeração, na transferência de água/solutos/gases/calor, na resistência à penetração e ramificação de raízes e no desenvolvimento de microorganismos, podendo ser um elemento importante na determinação da qualidade de um solo. A avaliação morfométrica do espaço poroso de um Neossolo Regolítico Eutrófico (NRe) utilizando a Microtomografia Computadorizada de Raios-x é objetivo deste estudo, onde foram analisados os atributos físicos do solo e os tamanhos, as formas e as inclinações dos vazios intra-agregados. O NRe apresentou uma porosidade de 28% (27% de vazios inter-agregados e 1% de vazios intra-agregados) e 73% de agregados. Cerca de 73% dos vazios intra-agregados possuem volumes entre 1,278 x 10-4 a 6,545 x 10-2 mm³. Há um maior volume de vazios complexos e alongados, os quais favorecem a condução de água pelo solo, e um maior volume de poros achatados, podendo indicar um certa compactação desse meio. Os vazios apresentaram-se em sua maioria como quase horizontais e inclinado, resultado da resistência a penetração de raízes devido a presença de lamelas argilosas nesse solo. A aplicação de microtomografia computadorizada de raios-X se mostrou eficiente na caracterização micromorfométrica da porosidade do solo

The History and Prehistory of Natural-Language Semantics

Contemporary natural-language semantics began with the assumption that the meaning of a sentence could be modeled by a single truth condition, or by an entity with a truth-condition. But with the recent explosion of dynamic semantics and pragmatics and of work on non- truth-conditional dimensions of linguistic meaning, we are now in the midst of a shift away from a truth-condition-centric view and toward the idea that a sentence’s meaning must be spelled out in terms of its various roles in conversation. This communicative turn in semantics raises historical questions: Why was truth-conditional semantics dominant in the first place, and why were the phenomena now driving the communicative turn initially ignored or misunderstood by truth-conditional semanticists? I offer a historical answer to both questions. The history of natural-language semantics—springing from the work of Donald Davidson and Richard Montague—began with a methodological toolkit that Frege, Tarski, Carnap, and others had created to better understand artificial languages. For them, the study of linguistic meaning was subservient to other explanatory goals in logic, philosophy, and the foundations of mathematics, and this subservience was reflected in the fact that they idealized away from all aspects of meaning that get in the way of a one-to-one correspondence between sentences and truth-conditions. The truth-conditional beginnings of natural- language semantics are best explained by the fact that, upon turning their attention to the empirical study of natural language, Davidson and Montague adopted the methodological toolkit assembled by Frege, Tarski, and Carnap and, along with it, their idealization away from non-truth-conditional semantic phenomena. But this pivot in explana- tory priorities toward natural language itself rendered the adoption of the truth-conditional idealization inappropriate. Lifting the truth-conditional idealization has forced semanticists to upend the conception of linguistic meaning that was originally embodied in their methodology

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO