Inducible heat shock protein 70 enhances human papillomavirus type 31 genome replication, viral capsid protein nuclear localization and progeny virion morphogenesis in human keratinocytes

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small, non-enveloped double stranded DNA viruses that demonstrate a strict species and cell type tropism for human epithelial cells. The association between high-risk HPV types and cervical cancer is well established. Additionally, HPVs have been implicated as causes in development of several other epithelial cancer types. Increasing data indicate heat shock proteins (HSPs) including inducible HSP70 (HSP70i) are involved in the replicative cycles of different viruses including adenoviruses, polyomaviruses (PyV), and some RNA viruses. Cell-free system studies implicate HSP70i in HPV11 genome replication with E1 and E2 proteins, and there is evidence that HSP70 is involved in capsid assembly and disassembly for PyV and PV. HSP70 expression is increased in HPV16 E6/E7 gene transduced human primary keratinocytes, and frequently detected in early stage uterine cervical cancer at levels in conjunction with lesion severity. In this study we carry out analyses with the natural host cell to assess HSP70i\u27s role in the viral infectious life cycle. For these studies we used the organotypic (raft) culture system to recapitulate the full viral life cycle of the high-risk human papillomavirus type 31 (HPV31). Upon heat shock of HPV31 infected organotypic tissues, we find high and sustained expression of HSP70i coincident with enhanced HPV genome replication and virion production. Whereas there is no detectable effect on total L1 expression levels, we find that HSP70i interacts with L1, colocalizes with and enhances L1 nuclear localization in differentiated cells. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer was used to study the effects of HSP70i in naturally HPV infected differentiating tissues and showed results similar to those in heat shocked rafts. In HPV31 infected monolayer cells ectopically expressing viral capsid proteins, without obvious impact on L1 expression levels, our results suggest wild type HSP70i interacts with and promotes L1 translocation into nucleus concomitant with increased HPV genome replication and virion production. Alternatively, HSP70i ATPase domain mutant (HSP70i(K71A)) impedes virion production while viral genome levels, L1 expression and localization demonstrate the same pattern as control. These results indicate that HSP70i is involved in diverse aspects of the viral life cycle including genome replication, capsid protein transportation and virion morphogenesis. We conclude that HSP70i contributes directly to these HPV replicative viral activities and the production of infectious progeny virions

Economic and Environmental Resolutions of Coal in Cement Industry

According to the latest statistics, the main reason of the increase of fog and haze in China lies in the increased air pollution emission caused by enlarged energy demand of the whole society every year. The pollution mainly comes from thermoelectric emissions, heavy chemical industry enterprises, automobile exhaust, residential heating in winter, living (cooking, hot water), urban construction and demolition, etc. One main reason is industrial pollution, and the pollution caused by coal-use accounts for more than 65% of the total industrial pollution. This paper aims at the useful skills of industrial coal to enable enterprises to use coal more economically and more environmentally friendly, so that enterprises can save costs, duly fulfill their social responsibilities to environmental cause and achieve economic and environmental benefits

Experimental observation of carrier-envelope phase effects by multicycle pulses

We present an experimental and theoretical study of carrier-envelope phase (CEP) effects on the population transfer between two bound atomic states interacting with pulses consisting of many cycles. Using intense radio-frequency pulse with Rabi frequency of the order of the atomic transition frequency, we investigated the influence of CEP on the control of phase dependent multi-photon transitions between the Zeeman sub-levels of the ground state of $^{87}$Rb. Our scheme has no limitation on the duration of the pulses. Extending the CEP control to longer pulses creates interesting possibilities to generate pulses with accuracy that is better then the period of optical oscillations.Comment: 8 Pages, 6 Figure

Coherent Excitonic Coupling in an Asymmetric Double InGaAs Quantum Well Arises from Many-Body Effects

We study an asymmetric double InGaAs quantum well using optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy. The collection of zero-quantum, one-quantum, and two-quantum two-dimensional spectra provides a unique and comprehensive picture of the double well coherent optical response. Coherent and incoherent contributions to the coupling between the two quantum well excitons are clearly separated. An excellent agreement with density matrix calculations reveals that coherent interwell coupling originates from many-body interactions

Broadband Optical Two-Dimensional Coherent Spectroscopy of a Rubidium Atomic Vapor

Optical two-dimensional coherent spectroscopy (2DCS) has become a powerful tool for studying energy level structure, dynamics, and coupling in many systems including atomic ensembles. Various types of two-dimensional (2D) spectra, including the so-called single-quantum, zero-quantum, and double-quantum 2D spectra, of both D lines (D$_1$ and D$_2$ transitions) of potassium (K) atoms have been reported previously. For rubidium (Rb), a major difference is that the D-lines are about 15 nm apart as opposed to only about 3 nm for K. Simultaneously exciting both D-lines of Rb atoms requires a broader laser bandwidth for the experiment. Here, we report a broadband optical 2DCS experiment in an Rb atomic vapor. A complete set of single-quantum, zero-quantum, and double-quantum 2D spectra including both D-lines of Rb atoms were obtained. The experimental spectra were reproduced by simulated 2D spectra based on the perturbation solutions to the optical Bloch equations. This work in Rb atoms complements previous 2DCS studies of K and Rb with a narrower bandwidth that covers two D-lines of K or only a single D-line of Rb. The broadband excitation enables the capability to perform double-quantum and multi-quantum 2DCS of both D-lines of Rb to study many-body interactions and correlations in comparison with K atoms.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figure