A Second Crystal Polymorph of Anilinium Picrate

The crystal structure of a second monoclinic polymorph of anilinium picrate shows a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded polymer with strong primary interspecies interactions involving the proximal phenolate and adjacent nitro group O-atom acceptors and separate anilinium H-atom donors in two cyclic R (6) associations. Other nitro-O-anilinium-H hydrogen bonds together with heteromolecular interactions are also present

Adenosinium 3,5-dinitrosalicylate

The crystal structure of adenosinium 3,5-dinitrosalicylicate, C10H14N5O4+烷H3N2O7-, shows the presence of a primary chain structure formed through homomeric head-to-tail cyclic R22(10) hydrogen-bonding interactions between hydroxy O- and both purine and amine N-donor and acceptor groups of the furanose and purine moieties of the adenosinium species. These chain structures are related by crystallographic 21 symmetry. Secondary hetero-ionic hydrogen bonding, involving the 3,5-dinitrosalicylate anion, including a cyclic R22(8) interaction between the carboxylate group and the protonated purine and amine groups of the adenosinium cation are also present, together with heteromolecular - interactions giving a three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded polymer structure.Full Tex

Guanidinium 2-Carboxy-6-Nitrobenzoate Monohydrate: A Two-Dimensional Hydrogen-Bonded Network Structure

In the structure of the title compound, CH6N3+ . C8H4NO6- . H2O, obtained from the reaction of guanidine carbonate with 3-nitrophthalic acid, the 2-carboxylic acid group is deprotonated and participates in an asymmetric cyclic R2/1(6) hydrogen-bonding associatiuon with the guanidine cation together with a bridging water molecule of solvation. A conjoint R2/1(7) facial association involving a nitro O-atom acceptor together with a further five guanidinium N-H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as a strong carboxyl-water interaction [2.528(3) Ang.], give a two-dimensiional network structure

Adjusting to Skill Shortages: Complexity and Consequences

Skill shortages are often portrayed as a major problem for the economies of many countries including the Australian economy. Yet, there is surprisingly little evidence about their prevalence, causes and consequences. This paper attempts to improve our understanding about these issues by using econometric methods to analyse the Business Longitudinal Database, an Australian panel data-set with information about skill shortages in small- and medium-sized businesses during 2004/05. We use this information to: (1) explore the incidence of skill shortages and the business attributes that are associated with them; (2) identify which businesses face more complex skill shortages, as measured by the number of different causes reported simultaneously; and, uniquely, (3) examine how this complexity affects businesses' responses to skill shortages and aspects of their subsequent performance. We show that complex skill shortages are more likely than simpler (single-cause) skill shortages to persist and to trigger defensive responses from businesses. We reject the conception of skill shortages as a homogenous phenomenon, and demonstrate the importance of distinguishing between skill shortages according to whether they have simple or complex causes.skill shortages, small medium enterprises

Bis (2-pyrimidinyl) disulfide dihydrate: a redetermination

The crystal structure of bis(2-pyrimidinyl) disul®de dihydrate, C8H6N4S22H2O, has been redetermined using CCD diffractometer data. This has allowed for a more precise location of the water H atoms and shows the water molecules forming unusual spiral hydrogen-bonded aqua columns, as well as giving inter-column crosslinks through the pyrimidine N-atom acceptors of the disul®de molecules. The structural chemistry of aromatic disul®des has also been reviewed

Bimodal or quadrimodal? Statistical tests for the shape of fault patterns

DH gratefully acknowledges receipt of NERC grant NE/N003063/1, and thanks the School of Geosciences at the University of Aberdeen for accommodating a period of research study leave, during which time this paper was written. We thank two anonymous reviewers, plus Atilla Aydin (Stanford) and Nigel Woodcock (Cambridge) for comments which helped us improve the paper.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Neurological modeling of what experts vs. non-experts find interesting

The P3 and related ERP's have a long history of use to identify stimulus events in subjects as part of oddball-style experiments. In this work we describe the ongoing development of oddball style experiments which attempt to capture what a subject finds of interest or curious, when presented with a set of visual stimuli i.e. images. This joint work between Dublin City University (DCU) and the European Space Agency's Advanced Concepts Team (ESA ACT) is motivated by the challenges of autonomous space exploration where the time lag for sending data back to earth for analysis and then communicating an action or decision back to the spacecraft means that decision-making is slow. Also, when extraterrestrial sensors capture data, the determination of what data to send back to earth is driven by an expertly devised rule set, that is scientists need to determine apriori what will be of interest. This cannot adapt to novel or unexpected data that a scientist may find curious. Our work is attempting to determine if it is possible to capture what a scientist (subject) finds of interest (curious) in a stream of image data through EEG measurement. One of the our challenges is to determine the difference between an expert and a lay subject response to stimulus. To investigate the theorized difference, we use a set of lifelog images as our dataset. Lifelog images are first person images taken by a small wearable camera which continuously records images whilst it is worn. We have devised two key experiments for use with this data and two classes of subjects. Our subjects are a person who has worn the personal camera, from which our collection of lifelog images is taken and who becomes our expert, and the remaining subjects are people who have no association with the captured images. Our first experiment is a traditional oddball experiment where the oddballs are people having coffee, and can be thought of as a directed information seeking task. The second experiment is to present a stream of lifelog images to the subjects and record which images cause a stimulus response. Once the data from these experiments has been captured our task is to compare the responses between the expert and lay subject groups, to determine if there are any commonalities between these groups or any distinct differences. If the latter outcome is the case the objective is then to investigate methods for capturing properties of images which cause an expert to be interested in a presented image. Further novelty is added to our work by the fact we are using entry-level off-the-shelf EEG devices, consisting of 4 nodes with a sampling rate of 255Hz

Directing cell migration and organization via nanocrater-patterned cell-repellent interfaces.

Although adhesive interactions between cells and nanostructured interfaces have been studied extensively, there is a paucity of data on how nanostructured interfaces repel cells by directing cell migration and cell-colony organization. Here, by using multiphoton ablation lithography to pattern surfaces with nanoscale craters of various aspect ratios and pitches, we show that the surfaces altered the cells focal-adhesion size and distribution, thus affecting cell morphology, migration and ultimately localization. We also show that nanocrater pitch can disrupt the formation of mature focal adhesions to favour the migration of cells towards higher-pitched regions, which present increased planar area for the formation of stable focal adhesions. Moreover, by designing surfaces with variable pitch but constant nanocrater dimensions, we were able to create circular and striped cellular patterns. Our surface-patterning approach, which does not involve chemical treatments and can be applied to various materials, represents a simple method to control cell behaviour on surfaces

Bis(pyridine-κN)bis­(triphenyl­phosphine-κP)copper(I) tetra­fluoridoborate

The title compound, [Cu(C5H5N)2(C18H15P)2]BF4, crystallizes as discrete [(PPh3)2(py)2Cu]+ cations and [BF4]− anions and is isostructural with the analogous perchlorate salt. The anion is located in close proximity to the pyridine ligands with weak C—H⋯F inter­actions apparent. The P2CuN2 coordination geometry is pseudo-tetra­hedral, with P—Cu—P and N—Cu—N angles of 116.02 (6) and 101.5 (2)°, respectively