Business Pandemic Infuenza Planning Checklist

credit is requested.businessChecklist.pdf: 206 downloads, before Oct. 1, 2020

Transactions of the Plague Control Conference of the United States Public Health Service and Twelve Western States

The plague problem is potentially of grave public health importance. The history of this disease over a period of centuries shows that it has several times assumed epidemic proportions, especially in cities. History also shows that when the disease appears in bubonic form contracted from rat fleas, it sooner or later may assume the pneumonic type and be spread from person to person with fatal results. From the evidence presented to the conference it appears that complete control of plague is not economically feasible without a great increase in Federal, State, and local expenditures. It is recommended that funds are made available for adequate survey and control work, an educational campaign to bring about greater appreciation of the dangers inherent in infected rodents habitat, and rat-proofing and eradicative measures to be taken in all cities and population centers

Promoting health, preventing disease: objectives for the nation

Based on a conference held June 13-14, 1979, in Atlanta, Ga, organized by the Center for Disease Control and the Health Resources Administration."Fall 1980.

Guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus

In 1994, the U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) recognized that, although strategies were available to reduce the frequency of opportunistic infections in patients who have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, information regarding prevention of both exposure and disease often was published in journals not regularly reviewed by health-care providers. In response, USPHS/IDSA developed comprehensive guidelines for health-care providers and patients that consolidated information pertaining to the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with HIV. The resulting USPHS/IDSA guidelines were published in 1995 in the MMWR, Clinical Infectious Diseases, and the Annals of Internal Medicine, with an accompanying editorial in the Journal of the American Medical Association. The response to the 1995 guidelines (e.g., the many requests for reprints and observations from health-care providers) suggests that they have served as a valuable reference against which local policies regarding prevention of opportunistic infections could be compared. Because recommendations were rated on the basis of the strength of the evidence supporting them, readers were able to assess for themselves to which areas adherence was most important. In the United States, opportunistic infections continue to produce morbidity and mortality among the estimated 650,000\ue2\u20ac\u201c900,000 persons who are infected with HIV, especially among the estimated 200,000\ue2\u20ac\u201c250,000 persons who are severely immunosuppressed (i.e., persons who have a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of <200 cells/mL). However, surveillance data indicate that the incidence of opportunistic infections has been changing in the United States. In HIV-infected men who have sex with men, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), toxoplasmic encephalitis, fungal infections, and disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease have decreased in incidence. Prophylactic regimens against opportunistic pathogens and more potent antiretroviral drugs appear to be important factors influencing this decline in incidence. However, these decreases have not been observed among HIVinfected injecting-drug users, suggesting that more emphasis should be placed on providing currently recommended chemoprophylactic agents to all persons who have HIV infection and who meet appropriate criteria for prophylaxis for opportunistic infections. The surveillance data also indicate that the incidence of some opportunistic infections is not decreasing among either men who have sex with men or injectingdrug users, indicating that preventive strategies need to be developed and applied to a wider spectrum of opportunistic infections. Because much new data concerning the prevention of opportunistic disease have emerged since 1994, the USPHS and the IDSA reconvened a working group on November 7-8, 1996, to determine which recommendations needed to be changed. Participants included representatives from federal agencies, universities, and professional societies, as well as community health-care providers and patient advocates. Most attention was focused on recent data related to chemoprophylaxis against disseminated MAC disease, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and fungal infections and to immunization against Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, data concerning all the common acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated pathogens were reviewed, as appropriate. Factors considered in revising guidelines included: Incidence of disease; Severity of disease in terms of morbidity and mortality; Level of immunosuppression at which disease is most likely to occur; Feasibility, efficacy, and cost of preventive measures; Impact of intervention on quality of life; Toxicities, drug interactions, and the potential for drug resistance to develop. Consultants reviewed published manuscripts, abstracts, and material presented at professional meetings. However, guidelines were revised only if complete manuscripts providing data were available for review. A review of the data that served as the basis for the revisions, as well as the additional information discussed at the meeting but not deemed appropriate to justify a revision of the recommendations, will be published elsewhere. The guidelines developed by the USPHS/IDSA working group were made available for public comment by an announcement in the Federal Register and in the MMWR, and the final document was approved by the USPHS and the IDSA, as well as by the American College of Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Infectious Diseases Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the Society of Healthcare Epidemiologists of America, and the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases.Preface -- How to use the information in this report -- Categories reflecting strength and quality of evidence -- Disease-specific recommendations -- Immunologic categories for hiv-infected children -- Drug regimens for adults and adolescents -- Drug regimens for children -- Prevention of exposure recommendations -- Costs of drugs and vaccines -- References.June 27, 1997.The following CDC staff member prepared this report: Jonathan E. Kaplan, M.D., National Center for Infectious Diseases Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research and National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance, and Epidemiology in collaboration with Henry Masur, M.D., National Institutes of Health, King K. Holmes, M.D., Ph.D., University of Washington, USPHS/IDSA Prevention of Opportunistic Infections Working Group.Includes bibliographical references (p. 45-46)

Guidelines for testing and counseling blood and plasma donors for human immunodeficienty virus type 1 antigen

The Public Health Service (PHS) has recommended a multifaceted approach to blood safety in the United States that includes stringent donor selection practices and the use of screening tests. Blood donations in the United States have been screened for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) since March 1985 and type 2 (HIV-2) since June 1992. An estimated one in 450,000 to one in 660,000 donations per year (i.e., 18-27 donations) are infectious for HIV but are not detected by currently available screening tests. Because maintaining a safe blood supply is a public health priority, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recommended in August 1995 that all donated blood and plasma also be screened for HIV-1 p24 antigen, effective within 3 months of licensure of a test labeled for such use. Donor screening for p24 antigen is expected to reduce the number of otherwise undetected infectious donations by approximately 25% per year. Routine testing for p24 antigen in settings other than blood and plasma centers as a method for diagnosing HIV infection is discouraged because the estimated average time from detection of p24 antigen to detection of HIV antibody is 6 days, and not all recently infected persons have detectable levels of p24 antigen. Among children > or = 18 months of age and adults, diagnostic testing for HIV infection, including confirmatory testing, should routinely be performed with FDA-licensed assays for antibodies to HIV-1; p24-antigen tests alone should not be used for diagnosing HIV infection. This report provides PHS guidelines for a) interpreting p24-antigen-assay results, b) counseling and follow-up of blood donors who have positive or indeterminate p24-antigen-test results, and c) using p24-antigen testing in settings other than blood banks.Introduction -- P24-antigen\ue2\u20ac\u201ctest algorithm and interpretation of test results -- donor counseling, follow-up, and deferral -- implications for other HIV test sites -- Conclusions -- References.March 1, 1996.The following CDC staff members prepared this report: Eve M. Lackritz, Robert S. Janssen, Helene D. Gayle, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for Prevention Services; Charles A. Schable, Harold W. Jaffe, Division of AIDS, STD, and TB Laboratory Research, National Center for Infectious Diseases.Includes bibliographical references (p. 8-9)

Worse Than Spam: Issues In Sampling Software Developers

Background: Reaching out to professional software developers is a crucial part of empirical software engineering research. One important method to investigate the state of practice is survey research. As drawing a random sample of professional software developers for a survey is rarely possible, researchers rely on various sampling strategies. Objective: In this paper, we report on our experience with different sampling strategies we employed, highlight ethical issues, and motivate the need to maintain a collection of key demographics about software developers to ease the assessment of the external validity of studies. Method: Our report is based on data from two studies we conducted in the past. Results: Contacting developers over public media proved to be the most effective and efficient sampling strategy. However, we not only describe the perspective of researchers who are interested in reaching goals like a large number of participants or a high response rate, but we also shed light onto ethical implications of different sampling strategies. We present one specific ethical guideline and point to debates in other research communities to start a discussion in the software engineering research community about which sampling strategies should be considered ethical.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures, Proceedings of the 2016 ACM/IEEE International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement (ESEM 2016), ACM, 201

Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2022

This Proposed Refugee Admissions for Fiscal Year 2022 Report to the Congress is submitted in compliance with Sections 207(d)(1) and (e) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA). This report provides the following information required by those sections: 1) A description of the nature of the refugee situation; 2) A description of the number and allocation of the refugees to be admitted, and an analysis of conditions within the countries from which they came; 3) A description of the plans for their movement and resettlement and the estimated cost of their movement and resettlement; 4) An analysis of the anticipated social, economic, and demographic impact of their admission to the United States; 5) A description of the extent to which other countries will admit and assist in the resettlement of such refugees; 6) An analysis of the impact of the participation of the United States in the resettlement of such refugees on the foreign policy interests of the United States; and 7) Such additional information as may be appropriate or requested by such members. This report also contains information as required by Section 602(d) of the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-292, October 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2787) (IRFA), as amended, about religious persecution of refugee populations eligible for consideration for admission to the United States

Photographs of Children Awaiting Transplantation Surgery

https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/government_posters/1153/thumbnail.jp

Making your workplace smokefree: a decision maker's guide

"As scientific evidence documenting the health hazards posed by environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) continues to mount, workplace decision makers have more reason than ever to protect employees from exposure to ETS on the job. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency concluded in January 1993 that each year ETS kills an estimated 3,000 adult nonsmokers from lung cancer and that the workplace is a significant source of ETS. In a recent study, nonsmoking employees exposed to ETS at work but not at home had significantly higher levels of a nicotine metabolite in their blood than did nonsmoking workers with no work or home exposure to ETS. Levels of exposure to ETS are lowest in smokefree workplaces. Even before these recent studies were available, the U.S. Surgeon General had determined in 1986 that ETS is a cause of disease, including lung cancer, in otherwise healthy nonsmokers. The Surgeon General also reported that the simple separation of smokers and nonsmokers within the same airspace may reduce, but does not eliminate, the exposure of nonsmokers to ETS. In 1991, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended that 'all available preventive measures should be used to minimize occupational exposure to ETS.' Health issues provide ample justification for restricting ETS exposure at the worksite. But there are other good business reasons. Instituting smokefree work environments can reduce costs for cleaning and maintaining facilities and equipment and improve employee morale. 'Smokefree' does not mean 'anti-smoker.' Policies that restrict or eliminate smoking may provide incentives for employees to stop smoking altogether. You can demonstrate your commitment to employees who smoke by offering to help interested smokers quit. In brief, that's the 'why' for companies and organizations to go smokefree. This handbook, Making Your Workplace Smokefree: A Decision's Maker's Guide, provides the 'how.' This up-to-date guide draws on years of research and first-hand experience, and it offers practical and proven strategies for implementing successful policies in a variety of work settings. As you will see in this guide, with a little planning an effective workplace policy is easy to implement. We hope that workplace decision makers will use this handbook as a blueprint for action in promoting the health and safety of all workers." - p. i1. Costs and other consequences of tobacco -- 2. Benefits of a smokefree workplace -- 4. A decision maker's guide to choosing a workplace policy -- 4. Support for employees who smoke . -- 5. Step-by-step: your decisions and how to make them work -- Appendix A. Resources -- Appendix B. Sample policies -- Appendix C. Organizations with smokefree workplacesIncludes bibliographical references