The impact of starch on wheat falling number and the evolvement of starch structure in the developing endosperm of soft white winter wheat

The United States Pacific Northwest is known to produce premium soft white wheat with consistent quality; however, the unexpected low falling number issue resulted in a $30 million and$140 million loss in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Wheat with a low falling number is considered poor-quality due to the elevation of α-amylase activity, which leads to a quick liquefaction of starch and decreases flour paste viscosity. The primary causes of low falling number are pre-harvest sprouting and late maturity α-amylase, both triggered by unusual weather pattern (e.g. pre-harvest rain and temperature shock). We hypothesize that weather impacts starch structural development and influences starch functionality (e.g., viscosity). Our previous study supports this hypothesis and reveals a starch developmental change in some low falling number wheat. To identify a solution for the low falling number issue, we conducted a comprehensive review (Chapter 1) regarding the impact of starch and its interaction with other molecules on wheat falling number, which lead to another hypothesis that plant growing conditions play an important role in influencing starch structure evolvement. However, it was difficult to directly identify how environmental stress triggers the starch structural changes because it is not known how starch structure evolves during grain development in soft white wheat. Thus, we conducted a study to close this knowledge gap, and we investigated the evolvement of starch structure in developing kernels (Chapter 2). We systematically measured starch structural characteristics, including starch content, starch granule size distribution, the ratio of amylose to amylopectin, the development in the structure of amylopectin, and starch gelatinization temperature and enthalpy change. We divided the development of starch structure into three stages: the initial stage (Day 7 to Day 10 after anthesis), rapid accumulation stage (Day 14 to Day 28 after anthesis), and the maturity stage (Day 35 to Day 42 after anthesis). During the rapid accumulation stage, starch quantity increased rapidly, starch granule size distribution became a bimodal distribution, and starch crystalline structure gradually became more organized. After the plant reached physiological maturity (Day 35 after anthesis), starch structure continued developing during the starch maturity stage. Our findings suggest that when environmental stress occurs during the rapid accumulation stage, it can critically change starch structure and impact starch functionality. Future work to identify the genetic controls of the development of starch structure during the rapid accumulation stage will be helpful to develop a new wheat variety with a high resistance to weather changes and may help solve the low falling number issue.masters, M.S., Food Science -- University of Idaho - College of Graduate Studies, 2019-0

Design of Racing Electric Control System Based on AVR SCM

Abstract: A racing car's instrument system, signal system and monitoring system were designed based on the rules of the competition (FSAE, Formula SAE). The main components of the instrument system were selected by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various instrument systems. And the circuit diagram and PCB diagram of the instrument system was drawn by Altium Designer. Then, the instrument system with Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) as the main body was set up according to the circuit diagram. Besides, programs were written according to the function of instrument system. Finally, the instrument system was debugged. In the aspect of the design of signal system and monitoring system, the circuit diagram of signal system and signal system were drawn according to the racing design requirements and rules. Currently, the instrument system has been successfully debugged. And the design of circuit diagram of signal system and monitoring system has been completed

Design of Racing Electric Control System Based on AVR SCM

A racing car’s instrument system, signal system and monitoring system were designed based on the rules of the competition (FSAE, Formula SAE). The main components of the instrument system were selected by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various instrument systems. And the circuit diagram and PCB diagram of the instrument system was drawn by Altium Designer. Then, the instrument system with Single Chip Microcomputer (SCM) as the main body was set up according to the circuit diagram. Besides, programs were written according to the function of instrument system. Finally, the instrument system was debugged. In the aspect of the design of signal system and monitoring system, the circuit diagram of signal system and signal system were drawn according to the racing design requirements and rules. Currently, the instrument system has been successfully debugged. And the design of circuit diagram of signal system and monitoring system has been completed

A One-Step and Scalable Continuous-Flow Nanoprecipitation for Catalytic Reduction of Organic Pollutants in Water

Efficient treatment of organic pollutants in water by a facile and green technique is a great challenge for environmental remediation. In this study, we report a simple and low-energy strategy for catalytic reduction of organic pollutants in water by continuous-flow flash nanoprecipitation. The one-step processing technique integrates rapid metal@polymer nanoparticle production and catalytic reaction in a continuous-flow fashion. Such a concept is successfully demonstrated for simultaneous formation of Au@polymer nanospheres and catalytic reduction of organic pollutants (e.g., methylene blue and 4-nitrophenol) in water. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction rate could be easily tuned by varying the processing parameters (e.g., feeding concentration). The activity of the nanocatalyst was demonstrated in five recycles without any detectable loss. The characteristics of continuous-flow mode make the one-step process scalable, promising processing methodology for wastewater treatment

A One-Step and Scalable Continuous-Flow Nanoprecipitation for Catalytic Reduction of Organic Pollutants in Water

Efficient treatment of organic pollutants in water by a facile and green technique is a great challenge for environmental remediation. In this study, we report a simple and low-energy strategy for catalytic reduction of organic pollutants in water by continuous-flow flash nanoprecipitation. The one-step processing technique integrates rapid metal@polymer nanoparticle production and catalytic reaction in a continuous-flow fashion. Such a concept is successfully demonstrated for simultaneous formation of Au@polymer nanospheres and catalytic reduction of organic pollutants (e.g., methylene blue and 4-nitrophenol) in water. Furthermore, the catalytic reaction rate could be easily tuned by varying the processing parameters (e.g., feeding concentration). The activity of the nanocatalyst was demonstrated in five recycles without any detectable loss. The characteristics of continuous-flow mode make the one-step process scalable, promising processing methodology for wastewater treatment

Ultrasound-guided internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve block on postoperative sore throat: A randomized controlled trial.

IntroductionUltrasound-guided internal branch of the upper laryngeal nerve block (USG-guided iSLN block) have been used to decrease the perioperative stress response of intubation. It is more likely to be successful than blindly administered superior laryngeal nerve blocks with fewer complications. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of USG-guided iSLN block to treat postoperative sore throat (postoperative sore throat, POST) after extubation.Methods100 patients, aged from 18 to 60 years old, ASA I~II who underwent general anesthesia and suffered from the moderate to severe postoperative sore throat after extubation were randomized into two groups(50 cases per group). Patients in group S received USG-guided iSLN block bilaterally (60mg of 2% lidocaine, 1.5ml each side), whereas those in group I received inhalation with 100 mg of 2% lidocaine and 1mg of budesonide suspension diluted with normal saline (oxygen flow 8 L /min, inhalation for 15 minutes). The primary outcome were VAS scores in both groups before treatment (T0), 10 min (T1), 30 min(T2), 1h(T3), 2 h(T4), 4h(T5), 8h(T6), 24h(T7), and 48h(T8) after treatment. The secondary outcome were satisfaction scores after treatment, MAP, HR, and SPO2 fromT0 to T8. The adverse reactions such as postoperative chocking or aspiration, cough, hoarseness, dyspnea were also observed in both groups.ResultsPatients in group S had significantly lower VAS score than that in group I at points of T1 ~ T6 (P ConclusionCompared with inhalation, USG-guided iSLN block may effectively relieve the postoperative sore throat after extubation under general anesthesia and provided an ideal treatment for POST in clinical work

The impact of education/training on nurses caring for patients with stroke: a scoping review

Abstract Background Stroke survivors have complex needs that necessitate the expertise and skill of well-trained healthcare professionals to provide effective rehabilitation and long-term support. Limited knowledge exists regarding the availability of specialized education and training programs specifically designed for nurses caring for stroke patients. Aim This review aims to assess the content and methods of training for nurses caring for stroke patients, examine its impact on both nurses and patients, and identify key facilitators and barriers to its implementation. Methods We conducted a comprehensive scoping review by reviewing multiple databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycINFO, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases. Data extraction and narrative synthesis were performed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines. Results Seventeen articles were included in this review. We found that education/training not only enhanced patients' self-care abilities, nursing outcomes, and satisfaction, but also had a positive impact on the knowledge, skills, and practices of nurses. The obstacles to education/training included feasibility and cost-effectiveness, while the driving factors were management support and participation, professional education/training, and controlled environment creation. Conclusions This review highlights the crucial role of education/training in enhancing stroke care provided by nurses. Effective education/training integrates various educational methods and management support to overcome implementation barriers and optimize clinical practice benefits. These findings indicate the necessity of universal and consistent stroke education/training for nurses to further improve patient outcomes in stroke care

Identification of 5-Iodotubercidin as a genotoxic drug with anti-cancer potential.

Tumor suppressor p53, which is activated by various stress and oncogene activation, is a target for anti-cancer drug development. In this study, by screening panels of protein kinase inhibitors and protein phosphatase inhibitors, we identified 5-Iodotubercidin as a strong p53 activator. 5-Iodotubercidin is purine derivative and is used as an inhibitor for various kinases including adenosine kinase. We found that 5-Iodotubercidin could cause DNA damage, verified by induction of DNA breaks and nuclear foci positive for γH2AX and TopBP1, activation of Atm and Chk2, and S15 phosphorylation and up-regulation of p53. As such, 5-Iodotubercidin induces G2 cell cycle arrest in a p53-dependent manner. Itu also induces cell death in p53-dependent and -independent manners. DNA breaks were likely generated by incorporation of 5-Iodotubercidin metabolite into DNA. Moreover, 5-Iodotubercidin showed anti-tumor activity as it could reduce the tumor size in carcinoma xenograft mouse models in p53-dependent and -independent manners. These findings reveal 5-Iodotubercidin as a novel genotoxic drug that has chemotherapeutic potential