Thermodynamic instability and the violation of reverse isoperimetric inequality in Torus-like black hole

Recently, conjectures have been made that there is a correlation between thermodynamic instability and super-entropy~\cite{{Johnson:2019mdp},{Cong:2019bud}}. In this paper, we started with torus-like black holes and verified the correlation mentioned above. After solving the specific analytical solutions of the specific heat capacity at constant volume $C_{V}$, the specific heat capacity at constant pressure $C_{P}$ and plotting the figures, we obtained the results which are consistent with the hypothesis from Ref. \cite{Cong:2019bud}. To further verify the generality of conjectures, we explored the BTZ black hole in nonlinear electrodynamics and phantom AdS black hole. And then the results are summarized via a table. Ultimately, the comparison among these three black holes leads us to the conclusion that there is no essential connection between thermodynamic instability and super-entropy.Comment: 14 pages, 5 figures, 1 tabl

Protection against acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by QiShenYiQi via neuroinflammatory network mobilization

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CI/RI) is a common feature of ischemic stroke, involving a period of impaired blood supply to the brain, followed by the restoration of cerebral perfusion through medical intervention. Although ischemia and reperfusion brain damage is a complex pathological process with an unclear physiological mechanism, more attention is currently focused on the neuroinflammatory response of an ischemia/reperfusion origin, and anti-inflammatory appears to be a potential therapeutic strategy following ischemic stroke. QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based Chinese medicine with Qi-tonifying and blood-activating property, has pharmacological actions of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, mitochondrial protectant, anti-apoptosis, and antiplatelet aggregation. We have previously reported that the cardioprotective effect of QSYQ against ischemia/reperfusion injury is via improvement of mitochondrial functional integrity. In this research work, we aimed to investigate the possible mechanism involved in the neuroprotection of QSYQ in mice model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury based on the inflammatory pathway. The cerebral protection was evaluated in the stroke mice after 24 h reperfusion by assessing the neurological deficit, cerebral infarction, brain edema, BBB functionality, and via histopathological assessment. TCM-based network pharmacology method was performed to establish and analyze compound-target-disease & function-pathway network so as to find the possible mechanism linking to the role of QSYQ in CI/RI. In addition, RT-qPCR was used to verify the accuracy of predicted signaling gene expression. As a result, improvement of neurological outcome, reduction of infarct volume and brain edema, a decrease in BBB disruption, and amelioration of histopathological alteration were observed in mice pretreated with QSYQ after experimental stroke surgery. Network pharmacology analysis revealed neuroinflammatory response was associated with the action of QSYQ in CI/RI. RT-qPCR data showed that the mice pretreated with QSYQ could significantly decrease IFNG-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB p65, and TLR-4 mRNA levels and increase TGF-β1 mRNA level in the brain compared to the untreated mice after CI/RI (p \u3c 0.05). In conclusion, our study indicated the cerebral protective effect of pretreatment with QSYQ against CI/RI, which may be partly related to its potential to the reduction of neuroinflammatory response in a stroke subject

Galectin-3 Mediated Inflammatory Response Contributes to Neurological Recovery by QiShenYiQi in Subacute Stroke Model

Effective therapies for stroke are still limited due to its complex pathological manifestations. QiShenYiQi (QSYQ), a component-based Chinese medicine capable of reducing organ injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, may offer an alternative option for stroke treatment and post-stroke recovery. Recently, we reported a beneficial effect of QSYQ for acute stroke via modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, if QSYQ plays a role in subacute stroke remains unknown. The pharmacological action of QSYQ was investigated in experimental stroke rats which underwent 90 min ischemia and 8 days reperfusion in this study. Neurological and locomotive deficits, cerebral infarction, brain edema, and BBB integrity were assessed. TMT-based quantitative proteomics were performed to identify differentially expressed proteins following QSYQ treatment. Immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, and ELISA were used to validate the proteomics data and to reveal the action mechanisms. Therapeutically, treatment with QSYQ (600 mg/kg) for 7 days significantly improved neurological recovery, attenuated infarct volume and brain edema, and alleviated BBB breakdown in the stroke rats. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that protein galectin-3 and its mediated inflammatory response was closely related to the beneficial effect of QSYQ. Specially, QSYQ (600 mg/kg) markedly downregulated the mRNA and protein expression levels of galectin-3, TNF-α, and IL-6 in CI/RI brain as well as serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Overall, our findings showed that the effective action of QSYQ against the subacute phase of CI/RI occurs partly via regulating galectin-3 mediated inflammatory reaction

A novel IgE epitope-specific antibodies-based sandwich ELISA for sensitive measurement of immunoreactivity changes of peanut allergen Ara h 2 in processed foods

BackgroundPeanut is an important source of dietary protein for human beings, but it is also recognized as one of the eight major food allergens. Binding of IgE antibodies to specific epitopes in peanut allergens plays important roles in initiating peanut-allergic reactions, and Ara h 2 is widely considered as the most potent peanut allergen and the best predictor of peanut allergy. Therefore, Ara h 2 IgE epitopes can serve as useful biomarkers for prediction of IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods. This study aimed to develop and validate an IgE epitope-specific antibodies (IgE-EsAbs)-based sandwich ELISA (sELISA) for detection of Ara h 2 and measurement of Ara h 2 IgE-immunoreactivity changes in foods.MethodsDEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow anion-exchange chromatography combining with SDS-PAGE gel extraction were applied to purify Ara h 2 from raw peanut. Hybridoma and epitope vaccine techniques were employed to generate a monoclonal antibody against a major IgE epitope of Ara h 2 and a polyclonal antibody against 12 IgE epitopes of Ara h 2, respectively. ELISA was carried out to evaluate the target binding and specificity of the generated IgE-EsAbs. Subsequently, IgE-EsAbs-based sELISA was developed to detect Ara h 2 and its allergenic residues in food samples. The IgE-binding capacity of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods was determined by competitive ELISA. The dose-effect relationship between the Ara h 2 IgE epitope content and Ara h 2 (or peanut) IgE-binding ability was further established to validate the reliability of the developed sELISA in measuring IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods.ResultsThe obtained Ara h 2 had a purity of 94.44%. Antibody characterization revealed that the IgE-EsAbs recognized the target IgE epitope(s) of Ara h 2 and exhibited high specificity. Accordingly, an IgE-EsAbs-based sELISA using these antibodies was able to detect Ara h 2 and its allergenic residues in food samples, with high sensitivity (a limit of detection of 0.98 ng/mL), accuracy (a mean bias of 0.88%), precision (relative standard deviation < 16.50%), specificity, and recovery (an average recovery of 98.28%). Moreover, the developed sELISA could predict IgE-binding variations of Ara h 2 and peanut in foods, as verified by using sera IgE derived from peanut-allergic individuals.ConclusionThis novel immunoassay could be a user-friendly method to monitor low level of Ara h 2 and to preliminary predict in vitro potential allergenicity of Ara h 2 and peanut in processed foods

Do Legal Bonding Benefits Really Exist? An Evaluation of the Bonding Theory

My thesis reviews the legal bonding hypothesis and conducts an empirical analysis on the impact of the Morrison v. National Australia Bank case, which significantly narrows the scope of the application of U.S. securities law in cases involving foreign cubed factors (foreign investors of foreign issuer’s securities transacted on a foreign exchange). I first examine SEC enforcement statistics and find that the low level of SEC enforcement of securities laws against foreign issuers is hard to reconcile with the legal bonding hypothesis. I then conduct an event study around the Supreme Court oral argument of the Morrison case. The lack of a clear market reaction indicates that the Morrison decision is initially viewed as neither harmful nor beneficial to the foreign issuers. Furthermore, abnormal returns exhibit a significantly positive relationship with home country’s financial disclosure standard, but also a significantly negative relationship with home country’s private enforcement power. This mixed result does not clearly support or contrast the legal bonding theory. A less conservative interpretation suggests that the legal institutions and governance factors in a firm’s home market are not significantly related to the evaluation of its cross-­listed securities

Gender Equality, Parenthood And The Nordic Welfare State : Finnish Childcare Regime After 2022 Reform

This thesis explores the intersections of gender equality, parenthood, and the Nordic welfare state with an aim to investigate the equality paradox embedded within the Nordic welfare model. The gender equality paradox refers to the contradictory situation in egalitarian Nordic countries where women still face persistent inequality while state-driven initiatives unintentionally create new challenges for them. This thesis conduct a case study on the Finnish childcare regime after the 2022 reform. This regime embodies an aggregate framework encompassing all aspects of childcare policies, including the paid parental leave system, Home Care Allowance, and Early Childhood Education and Services. Through the lens of Nancy Fraser's care-work models, this thesis questions how the Finnish childcare regime recognises and potentially resolves the gender equality paradox by a contextual analysis of the regime’s development and current policy design data. The main finding indicates that the newly reformed Finnish childcare regime presents an “equality within difference” scenario rather than pursuing shared care and breadwinning as in Fraser’s universal caregiver model. Firstly, the latest reform shows the ambition towards gender equality, yet there is a split between political ambition and the private sphere. Secondly, while the principle of freedom of choice embedded in the Finnish childcare policy ostensibly empowers parents to make individual decisions autonomously, parental choices seem to be influenced more by necessity than freedom. This thesis identifies a tension in the Finnish childcare regime between promoting gender equality and preserving freedom of choice, revealing a contradicting political logic. Although providing an ostensibly gender-equal policy structure, the childcare regime in Finland falls short of adequately addressing the persistent equality dilemmas faced by women