Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Commercial and business organisations law in Papua New Guinea

Business and commerce form the twin engine that propels the economy of a modern nation. They ensure steady economic growth and development. In an age of globalisation, they assume even greater importance than at any time in human history. A nation risks being marginalised or left behind in the race for a share of the world economic market unless it ensures the stability of its business and commercial sector. Trade regulation, good governance and democratic institutions go hand in hand in guaranteeing political and social equilibrium. Thus, laws designed to facilitate trade and commerce are a vital component of the political and social equation. In a developing economy such as that of Papua New Guinea, the place of commercial and business law cannot be underrated. This text, Commercial and Business Organisations Law in Papua New Guinea, is therefore a timely and apposite treatise in Papua New Guinea's economic environment, given the nation's vast and mostly untapped natural resources and therefore its potential for participation in the global market. The book covers business organisations law and various aspects of commercial law in Papua New Guinea. This is a valuable book for law students, legal practitioners, accountants and business executives, not only within Papua New Guinea but also in Australia and throughout the South Pacific

A review of terminology used to describe soot formation and evolution under combustion and pyrolytic conditions

This paper presents a glossary and review of terminology used to describe the chemical and physical processes involved in soot formation and evolution. This review is intended to aid in communication within the field and across disciplines. There are large gaps in our understanding of soot formation and evolution and inconsistencies in the language used to describe the associated mechanisms. These inconsistencies lead to confusion within the field and hinder progress in addressing the gaps in our understanding. This review provides a list of definitions of terms and presents a description of their historical usage. It also addresses the inconsistencies in the use of terminology in order to dispel confusion and facilitate the advancement of our understanding of soot chemistry and particle characteristics. The intended audience includes senior and junior members of the soot, black-carbon, brown-carbon, and carbon-black scientific communities, researchers new to the field, and scientists and engineers in associated fields with an interest in carbonaceous-material production via high-temperature hydrocarbon chemistry.Hope A. Michelsen, Meredith B. Colket, Per-Erik Bengtsson, Andrea D’Anna, Pascale Desgroux, Brian S. Haynes ... et al