A Comparison of Civil Procedure Practices in Products Liability Actions Between the United States and Japan: Underlying Reasons for Basic Differences

Both the U.S. and Japan are highly industrialized countries and many of the same products are used in both countries. So, why is there such a large difference in the number of products liability suits filed? The present work explores the differences in the American and Japanese legal systems with a focus on products liability claims. The conclusion will show that it is the difference in the two countries applicable civil procedures that explain the disparity in suits

THE BEHAVIOR OF THE FISH (CARP) IN A TANK

1) The swimming place of little carp, Cyprinus carpio, was studied in a shallow tank (90cm long, 70cm wide and 10cm deep). See Fig. 1. 2) Each of the three groups respectively consisting of 1, 2 and 10 individuals was tested for an hour. The momentary horizontal distribution of these fishes in the tank was recorded every one minute. 3) The distribution of every fish by section is shown in Tables 1, 4 and 7; the total amount in Tables 2, 5 and 8; and the number of fish distributed in the corner, by the side and in the center, in Tables 3, 6 and 9. 4) From those results (Tables 3, 6 and 9), it is manifest that carp are more often found by the side of the tank than in the center. 5) It is most likely that little carp rather have an inclination to swim along some object in the water

Mie-Scattering Ellipsometry

The size and refractive index of particles can be analyzed through the measurement of polarization state of scattered light. The change of polarization state in Mie scattering has been represented by ellipsometric parameters, Ψ and Δ, like the reflection ellipsometry. The analysis method is called Mie-scattering ellipsometry. By in-process Mie-scattering ellipsometry, the growth processes of carbon particles in argon plasma and in methane plasma were analyzed. It was found that carbon particles grow by coagulation in argon plasma, while they grow by carbon coating in methane plasma. It is also shown that imaging Mie-scattering ellipsometry has the potential for the easier confirmation of optical adjustment from a long distance, as well as for the analysis of spatial distribution of particle size

第一次大戦後におけるフランスのインフレーションと通貨政策

論

Characterization of Polystyrene in Methyl Ethyl Ketone by Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering

Molecular and thermodynamic properties of polystyrene in methyl ethyl ketone were studied by a small-angle X-ray scattering with a Kratky camera. The molecular weight, radius of gyration, second virial coefficient, mass per unit length, hydrodynamic length, radius of gyration of cross section, persistence length, and radius of cross section were estimated. Some of these values were compared with the values determined by other methods. Both values agreed well each other

Chain Conformations of Polypeptide Copolymers

Chain conformations have been investigated theoretically by assuming Markoffian process for copolypeptides composed of two components of L-alanine, glycine, N-methyl glycine and N-methyl-L-alanine, for D.L-copolyalanine, and for D, L-copoly-N-methyl alanine. The characteristic ratio of these copolymers was plotted against the sequence probability that a residue is followed by a residue of the same kind. Some experimental results obtained for equimolar-D, L-copoly-γ-methyl glutamate are discussed with the aid of theoretical equation

A sensitive cloud chamber without radioactive sources

We present a sensitive diffusion cloud chamber which does not require any radioactive sources. A major difference from a commonly used chamber is use of a heat sink as its bottom plate. A result of a performance test of the chamber is given.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, iopart.cls, figures and references adde

Unique features of the rice blast resistance Pish locus revealed by large scale retrotransposon-tagging

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>R </it>gene-mediated resistance is one of the most effective mechanisms of immunity against pathogens in plants. To date some components that regulate the primary steps of plant immunity have been isolated, however, the molecular dissection of defense signaling downstream of the R proteins remains to be completed. In addition, <it>R </it>genes are known to be highly variable, however, the molecular mechanisms responsible for this variability remain obscure.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To identify novel factors required for <it>R </it>gene-mediated resistance in rice, we used rice insertional mutant lines, induced by the endogenous retrotransposon <it>Tos17</it>, in a genetic screening involving the rice blast fungus <it>Magnaporthe oryzae</it>. We inoculated 41,119 mutant lines with the fungus using a high throughput procedure, and identified 86 mutant lines with diminished resistance. A genome analysis revealed that 72 of the 86 lines contained mutations in a gene encoding a nucleotide binding site (NBS) and leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain-containing (NBS-LRR) protein. A genetic complementation analysis and a pathogenesis assay demonstrated that this NBS-LRR gene encodes Pish, which confers resistance against races of <it>M. oryzae </it>containing <it>avrPish</it>. The other 14 lines have intact copies of the <it>Pish </it>gene, suggesting that they may contain mutations in the signaling components downstream of Pish. The genome analysis indicated that <it>Pish </it>and its neighboring three NBS-LRR genes are high similar to one another and are tandemly located. An <it>in silico </it>analysis of a <it>Tos17 </it>flanking sequence database revealed that this region is a "hot spot" for insertion. Intriguingly, the insertion sites are not distributed evenly among these four NBS-LRR genes, despite their similarity at the sequence and expression levels.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>In this work we isolated the <it>R </it>gene <it>Pish</it>, and identified several other mutants involved in the signal transduction required for <it>Pish</it>-mediated resistance. These results indicate that our genetic approach is efficient and useful for unveiling novel aspects of defense signaling in rice. Furthermore, our data provide experimental evidence that <it>R </it>gene clusters have the potential to be highly preferred targets for transposable element insertions in plant genomes. Based on this finding, a possible mechanism underlying the high variability of <it>R </it>genes is discussed.</p

Implicit-correction-based immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method with two relaxation times

In the present paper, we verify the effectiveness of the two-relaxation-time (TRT) collision operator in reducing boundary slip computed by the immersed boundary-lattice Boltzmann method (IB-LBM). In the linear collision operator of the TRT, we decompose the distribution function into symmetric and antisymmetric components and define the relaxation parameters for each part.The Chapman-Enskog expansion indicates that one relaxation time for the symmetric component is related to the kinematic viscosity. Rigorous analysis of the symmetric shear flows reveals that the relaxation time for the antisymmetric part controls the velocity gradient, the boundary velocity, and the boundary slip velocity computed by the IB-LBM. Simulation of the symmetric shear flows, the symmetric Poiseuille flows, and the cylindrical Couette flows indicates that the profiles of the numerical velocity calculated by the TRT collision operator under the IB-LBM framework exactly agree with those of the multi-relaxation time (MRT). The TRT is as effective in removingthe boundary slip as the MRT. We demonstrate analytically and numerically that the error of the boundary velocity is caused by the smoothing technique using the delta function used in the interpolation method. In the simulation of the flow past a circular cylinder, the IB-LBM based on the implicit correction method with the TRT succeeds in preventing the flow penetration through the solid surface as well as unphysical velocity distortion. The drag coefficient, the wake length, and the separation points calculated by the present IB-LBM agree well with previous studies at Re =10, 20, and 40