Perils and Precautions: Mining Safety and Public Policy

In the United States the Industrial Revolution brought about many new occupational hazards for workers. This was true for most jobs, but few were more dangerous than that of coal mining in the Crawford-Cherokee region of Kansas and the other main mining areas such as West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Colorado, and Utah. Between 1887 and 1926 there was a great series of accidents, explosions in particular, which became a catalyst for policy change in regards to coal mining safety. Initial measures that were put into place to protect miners from accidents proved to be inadequate. And even with the advent of new technologies and techniques that could be used to protect the lives of miners, companies often did not institute policies to include these because of increased costs. Eventually states and some companies would both require more effective safety techniques to be used

Legacy and social media respectively influence risk perceptions and protective behaviors during emerging health threats: A multi-wave analysis of communications on Zika virus cases.

ObjectiveBoth legacy media, such as television and newspapers, and online social media are potentially important but incompletely understood sources of information in the face of emerging public health risks. This research aimed to understand media effects on risk perceptions and behaviors concerning the Zika virus in the United States.MethodsWe analyzed a multi-wave nationally representative survey (N = 29,062) and the volume of communications in social and legacy media (i.e., legacy media data from news sources and databases, N = 2,660 and social media data from Twitter, N = 1,605,752) in the United States between April and October 2016, dates coinciding with the early cases of local transmission of Zika in the United States (i.e., 25 weeks). The present study conducted econometric analyses (i.e., Granger causality tests) to assess the associations of legacy and social media coverage with risk perceptions and protective behaviors in the total sample and specific groups separated by pregnancy status/intent, geographic region, income, education level, age, and ethnicity.ResultsThe results from the overall sample suggested that changes in the volume of information in legacy and social media (i.e., Twitter) were followed by different changes in community risk perceptions and protective behaviors. Specifically, social media coverage correlated with the level of risk perceptions, whereas the legacy media coverage correlated with the level of protective behaviors. Analyses across different subpopulations, including those of different pregnancy status/intent, geographic Zika risk, income, education level, age, and ethnicity, replicated the social media associations with risk perceptions in most cases. However, legacy media and protective behaviors were linked only in some vulnerable subpopulations (e.g., the less-educated populations).ConclusionUnderstanding how media coverage relates to Zika risk perceptions and protective behaviors will help to facilitate effective risk communications by healthcare professionals and providers, particularly when a health risk emerges

Patient Reported Experience of Kidney Care in the UK 2019

We are pleased to present the 2019 Kidney Patient Reported Experience Measure report (Kidney PREM). Following the initial pilot in 2016, involving over 8,000 people living with kidney disease, participation has continued to grow and the measure is now collected right across the UK and the number of responses has doubled with over 16,000 patients giving their views on their care experience.This unique source of data has been recognised and used throughout the renal community as the international drive for person-centred outcome data across the healthcare system gains momentum. The UK Kidney community is proud to be a part of this international work towards better understanding and improving patient experience.More importantly, our vision of the Kidney PREM is that it is used as a driver for change at a local level. We know the top-level scores are not the full story and that improvement, particularly around the three lower scoring themes - shared decision making, transport and needling - is complicated. There are no easy answers, however, there are some centres who are getting it right and we would like to better understand why this is and what they are doing that could be shared. The working group behind delivering the Kidney PREM continues to work hard to gain a better understanding of the many questions that the Kidney PREM throws up - What is it about a centre that causes it to have the biggest impact on patient experience compared to the other variables collected? Does the Kidney PREM result in an improvement in patient experience? If so, can this improvement be translated to different settings? We do not want the Kidney PREM to stand still. Through research projects, consultation and our own quality improvement, we hope the data and community response to the Kidney PREM will continue to evolve so that it remains meaningful, embedded across the system, and improves the experience and outcomes of people living with Kidney disease, as well as those who care for them in the UK. Thank you for being a part of it.Final Published versio

The translation of indonesia west java at a glance

the focus of the book makes it particularly appropriate for require core courses in accounting, in which many of the studentsare not planning to take further elective accounting courses. we believe that if a core course stresses the more analytical uses of accounting information by managers and outside analysts rather than procedural details that practicing accountant needs to know, then thoose students who do not take further accounting course will be left with a positive view of the immportance of accounting rather than with the negative "bean counter" stereotype.table of contents1. Financial Accounting2. The Nature and Purpose of Accounting3. Basic Accounting Concepts: The Balance Sheet4. Basic Accounting Concepts: The Income Statement5. Accounting Records and Systems6. Revenue and Monetary Assets7. Cost of Sales and Inventories8. Long-lived Non-Monetary Assets9. Sources of Capital: Debt10. Sources of Capital: Owners' Equity11. Other Non-Owner Items that Affect Owner's Equity12. The Statement of Cash Flows13. Acquisitions and Consolidated Statements14. Financial Statement Analysis15. Understanding Financial Statements16. Management Accounting17. The Nature of Management Accounting18. The Behavior of Costs19. Full Costs and Their Uses20. Additional Aspects of Product Costing Systems21. Standard Costs, Variable Costing Systems, Quality Costs, and Joint Costs22. Production Cost Variances23. Analyzing Other Variances24. Control: The Management Control Environment25. Control: The Management Control Process26. Strategic Planning and Budgeting27. Reporting and Evaluation28. Short-Run Alternative Choice Decision29. Longer-Run Decisions: Capital Budgeting30. Management Accounting System Design31. Present Value of $1 Received N Years Hence32. Present Value of$1 Received Annually for N Yearsxxvi, 975 hlm. ; 26 cm

Patient Reported Experience of Kidney Care in the UK 2020

Headline findings in 2020 • Encouragingly, despite the global pandemic, patients continue to rate their Overall Experience of the service provided by their renal centre highly. • Patient reported experience of Support and Sharing Decisions About Your Care fell in 2020. • Patient scores for Support fell amongst Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), peritoneal dialysis, home haemodialysis and transplant patients compared to 2019. • Patient experience of Sharing Decisions About Your Care was lowest in those receiving in-centre or in-satellite haemodialysis. • Patient reported experience of Transport improved for in-centre and in-satellite haemodialysis patients in 2020. • The experience of patients living with CKD but not receiving renal replacement therapy notably decreased in 2020 compared to 2019, particularly for Overall Experience, Support and How the Team Treats You

The COMBS survey I : Chemical Origins of Metal-Poor Stars in the Galactic Bulge

19 pages, 5 tables, accepted to MNRASChemistry and kinematic studies can determine the origins of stellar population across the Milky Way. The metallicity distribution function of the bulge indicates that it comprises multiple populations, the more metal-poor end of which is particularly poorly understood. It is currently unknown if metal-poor bulge stars ([Fe/H] <−1 dex) are part of the stellar halo in the inner most region, or a distinct bulge population or a combination of these. Cosmological simulations also indicate that the metal-poor bulge stars may be the oldest stars in the Galaxy. In this study, we successfully target metal-poor bulge stars selected using SkyMapper photometry. We determine the stellar parameters of 26 stars and their elemental abundances for 22 elements using R∼ 47 000 VLT/UVES spectra and contrast their elemental properties with that of other Galactic stellar populations. We find that the elemental abundances we derive for our metal-poor bulge stars have lower overall scatter than typically found in the halo. This indicates that these stars may be a distinct population confined to the bulge. If these stars are, alternatively, part of the innermost distribution of the halo, this indicates that the halo is more chemically homogeneous at small Galactic radii than at large radii. We also find two stars whose chemistry is consistent with second-generation globular cluster stars. This paper is the first part of the Chemical Origins of Metal-poor Bulge Stars (COMBS) survey that will chemodynamically characterize the metal-poor bulge population.Peer reviewedFinal Published versio

Tracheostomy timing and the duration of weaning in patients with acute respiratory failure

INTRODUCTION: The effect of various airway management strategies, such as the timing of tracheostomy, on liberation from mechanical ventilation (MV) is uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that tracheostomy, when performed prior to active weaning, does not influence the duration of weaning or of MV in comparison with a more selective use of tracheostomy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this observational prospective cohort study, surgical patients requiring ≥ 72 hours of MV were followed prospectively. Patients undergoing tracheostomy prior to any active weaning attempts (early tracheostomy [ET]) were compared with patients in whom initial weaning attempts were made with the endotracheal tube in place (selective tracheostomy [ST]). RESULTS: We compared the duration of weaning, the total duration of MV and the frequency of fatigue and pneumonia. Seventy-four patients met inclusion criteria. Twenty-one patients in the ET group were compared with 53 patients in the ST group (47% of whom ultimately underwent tracheostomy). The median duration of weaning was shorter (3 days versus 6 days, P = 0.05) in patients in the ET group than in the ST group, but the duration of MV was not (median [interquartile range], 11 days [9–26 days] in the ET group versus 13 days [8–21 days] in the ST group). The frequencies of fatigue and pneumonia were lower in the ET group patients. DISCUSSION: Determining the ideal timing of tracheostomy in critically ill patients has been difficult and often subjective. To standardize this process, it is important to identify objective criteria to identify patients most likely to benefit from the procedure. Our data suggest that in surgical patients with resolving respiratory failure, a patient who meets typical criteria for a trial of spontaneous breathing but is not successfully extubated within 24 hours may benefit from a tracheostomy. Our data provide a framework for the conduct of a clinical trial in which tracheostomy timing can be assessed for its impact on the duration of weaning. CONCLUSION: Tracheostomy prior to active weaning may hasten liberation from ventilation and reduce complications. However, this does not reduce the overall duration of MV

Nutritional and Non-nutritional Strategies in Bodybuilding: Impact on Kidney Function

© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Bodybuilders routinely engage in many dietary and other practices purported to be harmful to kidney health. The development of acute kidney injury, focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) and nephrocalcinosis may be particular risks. There is little evidence that high-protein diets and moderate creatine supplementation pose risks to individuals with normal kidney function though long-term high protein intake in those with underlying impairment of kidney function is inadvisable. The links between anabolic androgenic steroid use and FSGS are stronger, and there are undoubted dangers of nephrocalcinosis in those taking high doses of vitamins A, D and E. Dehydrating practices, including diuretic misuse, and NSAID use also carry potential risks. It is difficult to predict the effects of multiple practices carried out in concert. Investigations into subclinical kidney damage associated with these practices have rarely been undertaken. Future research is warranted to identify the clinical and subclinical harm associated with individual practices and combinations to enable appropriate and timely advicePeer reviewedFinal Published versio

Patient Reported Experience of Kidney Care in the UK 2021

Headline findings • 12,416 people with kidney disease, from all 68 treating centres in the UK, took part in Kidney PREM this year, largely online. • Overall experience of kidney care continues to be rated highly, with many patients who provided a written comment thanking staff for their commitment and efforts. • For four in five participants, overall experience of kidney care stayed the same or was better during the last year of COVID-19. People with a transplant and those with CKD are more likely than those receiving dialysis to report a worse experience of kidney care over the last year. • Privacy and Dignity, Patient Information and Access to the Renal Team continue to be high scoring and are the most consistent regardless of treatment. • Experience of Communication between members of the renal unit team and people with kidney disease was scored far higher than communication between members of the renal team and GPs. • Patient reported experience of Sharing Decisions About Your Care is particularly low scoring, with greater variability in experience between centres and across treatment types. More than half of those on haemodialysis have not been invited to take part in tasks of haemodialysis care, or do not know if they have. • Broadly half of those receiving in-centre or in-satellite haemodialysis say that staff always Needle their fistula or graft with as little pain as possible; this remains a low scoring area with considerable range between centres. • People receiving peritoneal dialysis and home haemodialysis report improved experience of Support from the renal unit team with treatment this year, compared to those receiving in-centre haemodialysis. Support in general continues to be a low scoring theme, notably lower than in 2019. • Experience of Advice on Fluid Intake scores higher than Advice on Diet, and both are rated higher by those receiving dialysis than people with CKD or in receipt of a transplant. • People receiving peritoneal dialysis report improved experience of Tests, with results being returned more quickly; this has worsened for those with a transplant and remains relatively low for people receiving in-centre haemodialysis. Half of respondents do not always understand their test results. • Patient reported experience of Transport continues to be scored better compared to scores in 2019. As in previous years, Transport is one of the lowest scoring aspects of kidney care experience. • People with CKD report relatively poorer experiences than people on kidney replacement therapy; the median (middle) score awarded for overall experience decreased to 6.0 from 7.0 in 2020 and remains there this year

Proteomics of intracellular freezing survival.

Panagrolaimus sp. DAW1, a nematode cultured from the Antarctic, has the extraordinary physiological ability to survive total intracellular freezing throughout all of its compartments. While a few other organisms, all nematodes, have subsequently also been found to survive freezing in this manner, P. sp. DAW1 has so far shown the highest survival rates. In addition, P. sp. DAW1 is also, depending on the rate or extent of freezing, able to undergo cryoprotective dehydration. In this study, the proteome of P. sp DAW1 is explored, highlighting a number of differentially expressed proteins and pathways that occur when the nematodes undergo intracellular freezing. Among the strongest signals after being frozen is an upregulation of proteases and the downregulation of cytoskeletal and antioxidant activity, the latter possibly accumulated before freezing much in the way the sugar trehalose has been shown to be stored during acclimation