Neonate Atlantic Sharpnose Shark (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) Relative Abundance and Body Condition in Two South Carolina Estuaries Varying in Urbanization

Urbanization near estuaries has been shown to affect the growth and survival of juvenile sharks using the system as a nursery. North Inlet and Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, are similarly-sized, tidally-dominated, bar-built estuaries with extensive Sporobolus-lined tidal creeks but differ in degree of human impact. Previously, Murrells Inlet was shown to have a lower abundance and diversity of large sharks than North Inlet and Atlantic Sharpnose Sharks (Rhizoprionodon terraenovae) were shown to use North Inlet as a primary nursery. To examine potential differences in neonate shark abundance and growth between a developed estuary, Murrells Inlet, and a protected estuary, North Inlet, fifty-two neonate R. terraenovae were captured on hook-and-line gear from May to September 2022. Sharks were measured for length and girth, weighed, sexed, and released. Noise pollution between the two estuaries was investigated using hydrophone recordings. Relative abundance of neonate R. terraenovae was much greater for North Inlet (n = 45) than for Murrells Inlet (n = 7). However, body condition, weight-length relationships, girth-length relationships, and growth rates of the neonate sharks did not differ between the estuaries. Elasmobranch diversity was greater for Murrells Inlet than North Inlet, though bony fish diversity was equal between estuaries. Analysis of sound found no difference in the total loudness of the recordings between estuaries or the sound power of the recordings for shark hearing frequency ranges (p = 0.57, p = 0.45, respectively). Sampling sites were deeper for North Inlet and there was more boat traffic at Murrells Inlet, however, there was no correlation between the sound recordings and depth or boat traffic for either estuary. Although the difference in urbanization between estuaries did not affect the growth and body condition of R. terraenovae, the drivers behind the difference in abundance of neonates are still unclear

Traveling the Boundaries of Statelessness: Global Passports and Citizenship

An independent global citizenship without a local component and in the absence of the much-feared global government creates two concerns. One, an individual may imperil the rights of others, without a structure that can impose sanctions for the heinous conduct. Two, an individual\u27s rights may be imperiled, and there may be no entity to provide protection. This essay proposes a model of a formal global citizenship that will alleviate these concerns and prove both practically and theoretically feasible. The model flows from the concept of dual or multiple nationality and offers global citizenship only as an elective nationality. Such citizenship would co-exist with the nationality acquired by birth or naturalization, thereby guaranteeing that at least one nation-state always has the ultimate responsibility for the individual. At the same time, by providing for careful considerations on who may acquire global citizenship, the value and meaning inherent in citizenship can be preserved and enhanced. Indeed, the idea of a global citizenship that is a formalized development emerging from the human rights tradition can be a foundation for the attainment of full personhood by those marginalized or disempowered within their own or foreign national borders -- the poor, racial and ethnic minorities, indigenous populations, and women who at present lack equal status in any local or global community

Critical Frequencies in the Stagnation Region of a Shock Layer

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/77543/1/AIAA-9199-138.pd

Differential Binding of Co(II) and Zn(II) to Metallo-β-Lactamase Bla2 from \u3cem\u3eBacillus anthracis\u3c/em\u3e

In an effort to probe the structure, mechanism, and biochemical properties of metallo-β-lactamase Bla2 from Bacillus anthracis, the enzyme was overexpressed, purified, and characterized. Metal analyses demonstrated that recombinant Bla2 tightly binds 1 equiv of Zn(II). Steady-state kinetic studies showed that mono-Zn(II) Bla2 (1Zn-Bla2) is active, while di-Zn(II) Bla2 (ZnZn-Bla2) was unstable. Catalytically, 1Zn-Bla2 behaves like the related enzymes CcrA and L1. In contrast, di-Co(II) Bla2 (CoCo-Bla2) is substantially more active than the mono-Co(II) analogue. Rapid kinetics and UV−vis, 1H NMR, EPR, and EXAFS spectroscopic studies show that Co(II) binding to Bla2 is distributed, while EXAFS shows that Zn(II) binding is sequential. To our knowledge, this is the first documented example of a Zn enzyme that binds Co(II) and Zn(II) via distinct mechanisms, underscoring the need to demonstrate transferability when extrapolating results on Co(II)-substituted proteins to the native Zn(II)-containing forms