The use of chiropractors by older adults in the United States

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In a nationally representative sample of United States Medicare beneficiaries, we examined the extent of chiropractic use, factors associated with seeing a chiropractor, and predictors of the volume of chiropractic use among those having seen one.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We performed secondary analyses of baseline interview data on 4,310 self-respondents who were 70 years old or older when they first participated in the Survey on Assets and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD). The interview data were then linked to their Medicare claims. Multiple logistic and negative binomial regressions were used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The average annual rate of chiropractic use was 4.6%. During the four-year period (two years before and two years after each respondent's baseline interview), 10.3% had one or more visits to a chiropractor. African Americans and Hispanics, as well as those with multiple depressive symptoms and those who lived in counties with lower than average supplies of chiropractors were much less likely to use them. The use of chiropractors was much more likely among those who drank alcohol, had arthritis, reported pain, and were able to drive. Chiropractic services did not substitute for physician visits. Among those who had seen a chiropractor, the volume of chiropractic visits was lower for those who lived alone, had lower incomes, and poorer cognitive abilities, while it was greater for the overweight and those with lower body limitations.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Chiropractic use among older adults is less prevalent than has been consistently reported for the United States as a whole, and is most common among Whites, those reporting pain, and those with geographic, financial, and transportation access.</p

Annual proceedings of the fordham corporate law insitute : International antitrust law & policy

xxx, 660 h

Roger J. Finbow & A. Nigel Parr, U.K. Merger Control: Law and Practice

The most striking aspect of international antitrust during the last several years has been the extraordinary proliferation of new statutes and strengthened enforcement of competition laws throughout the world. Today the great majority of industrialized and emergent economy countries have antitrust legislation both on the books and in actual practice. Formerly communist countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union have enacted antitrust laws as part of their shift to market-oriented economies. Latin American countries have also recently enacted or strengthened their antitrust laws and enforcement. Similarly, antitrust has mushroomed in the Pacific countries, where Japan has gradually been increasing its enforcement and several other countries have recently enacted or strengthened their antitrust laws, notably Korea and Taiwan. This new legislation complements the existing enforcement in Australia and New Zealand. Finally, the recent enactment of antitrust laws in Mexico and the strengthened enforcement of Canadian antitrust laws (after almost a century of relatively benign enforcement) now mark the 1589 North American continent as a completed bastion of antitrust enforcement

Giuliano Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power

Barry E. Hawk reviews Giuliano Amato, Antitrust and the Bounds of Power. This Book Review states that Professor Giuliano Amato has successfully written a refreshing and insightful book on antitrust policy after more than a century of US debate and almost half a century of European debate. In his highly enlightening opus on Antitrust and the Bounds of Power, Professor Amato writes from the Olympian heights as the former head of the well respected Italian Antitrust Authority, a former Prime Minister of Italy, and a present professor at the European University Institute in Florence. The book places antitrust law in the broader context of political theory and history. Although the author modestly states that the book is written for young people embarking on an immersion in antitrust law, seasoned antitrust veterans will greatly benefit from Professor Amato\u27s measured wisdom

Joint Ventures Under EEC Law

This Article attempts to construct an intellectually coherent and predictable analysis of joint ventures, an undertaking which faces more serious problems under EEC law than U.S. law. First, EEC law makes it necessary to determine whether the Merger Regulation or Article 85 applies to any given joint venture. Second, Article 85\u27s unfortunate bifurcation into paragraphs (1) and (3) (notification or nullity) and the resultant division of what should be a single antitrust analysis poses significant obstacles in the EEC treatment of joint ventures