An Experimental Investigation of the Ion Storage/Transfer Behavior in an Electrical Double-Layer Capacitor by Using Monodisperse Carbon Spheres with Microporous Structure

Monodisperse carbon spheres with coefficient of variation less than 4% were successfully synthesized through polycondensation of resorcinol with formaldehyde in the presence of ammonia as a catalyst followed by carbonization in an inert atmosphere. The diameters of the carbon spheres can be tuned in the range of 220–1140 nm by adjusting the ammonia concentration in the precursor solutions. Although the particle size decreases with increasing ammonia concentrations, there is no large difference in the internal pore structure between the different-sized carbon spheres. The size-controlled monodisperse carbon spheres were used as a model material to understand the ion storage/transfer behavior in electrical double-layer capacitor (EDLC). The present study clearly indicates that the reducing the particle size and highly monodispersity in both size and shape were effective at reducing mass transport resistance and improving EDLC performance reliability

High-yield automated synthesis of[18F]fluoroazomycin arabinoside([18F]FAZA) for hypoxia-specific tumor imaging

The aimofthisstudywastodevelopanefficientfullyautomatedsynthesismethodtoachieveahighradiochemicalyieldof[18F]FAZA withasmallamountofprecursor.Asmallcartridgecontaining25mgoftheQMAresinwaspreparedandevaluatedtoobtain[18F]F1 in asmallquantityofbase(K2CO3), whichmight allowtheuseofasmallamountofprecursor. Thelabelingandhydrolyzingconditionsfor[18F]FAZAsynthesiswerealsoinvestigatedmanually.No-carrier-added[18F]F1 was trappedonthesmallQMAcartridgeandelutedwithamixtureofKrytofix222(2.26mg,6.0 mmol)andK2CO3 (0.69 mg,5.0 mmol)in70%MeCN(0.4mL).Theautomatedsynthesisof[18F]FAZA wasoptimallyperformedwithamodifiedNIRSoriginalsynthesissystemforclinicaluse,bylabeling2.5mg(5.2 mmol)oftheprecursorinDMSO(0.4mL)at120 1C for10min,andthenbyhydrolyzingthe 18F-labeledintermediatewith0.1MNaOH(0.5mL)atroomtemperaturefor3min.Usingtheabovecondition,the[18F]FAZAinjectionwasobtainedwithahighradiochemicalyieldof52.475.3%(decay-corrected, n¼8) within50.571.5min

Were teachers'images for the ideal / real classes and leadership behaviors changed by teacher experiences and grades of their classes?: A Questionnaire survey of elementary school teachers who worked at A-City in Okinawa

本研究の目的は，沖縄県A市の公立小学校に勤務する学級担任108名（平均教職歴15.50年）を対象に質問紙調査を実施し，教職歴や担当学年の違いによって，理想的・現実的学級像認知や指導行動が異なるかどうかを明らかにすることであった。調査の結果，以下の6点が示唆された。すなわち，(1)担当学年が低学年であれば，担当しているクラスの雰囲気を「楽しい」と認知する傾向がある。(2)高学年担当教師は，教職歴が長いほど，クラスの理想像を豊かに描き得る可能性がある。(3)沖縄県においては，教職歴によって，指導行動は大きく異ならない可能性がある。しかし，(4)ひきあげる機能を持つ「突きつけ」は，低学年ではなく，中圏学年において，養う機能を持つ「受容」「理解」と関連する。(5)教師は，担当学年に応じて，ひきあげる機能を持つ「突きつけ」を使い分けている。(6)担当学年によって，クラスに対して持つ理想像が指導行動に与える影響は異なる。議論は，学級像認知や指導行動において沖縄県に特有の課題があるかどうかを中心に行った。The purpose of this study were to reveal how teachers'　images for the ideal / real classes and leadership behaviors influenced each other and these relationships were changed by teaching experiences and grades of their classes. Participants were 108 elementary school teachers (Average teacher experiences= 15.50 years). Main findings were as follows: (1) Teachers recognized their classes "fun" in lower classes. (2) Experienced teachers in upper classes had rich images for their ideal classes. (3) There might be no differences in leadership behavior by teaching experiences in Okinawa. (4) Teachers' task-oriented leadership behavior (confrontation) was positively correlated with their nurturing leadership behavior (acceptance and understanding) in middle and upper grades. (5) Teachers could use task-oriented leadership behavior (confrontation) effectively according to grades of their classes. (6) Teachers' image for ideal classes affected their leadership behaviors by grades of their classes. We discussed which phenomena were unique problems of Okinawa

Why is it important for school aged children not only to recognize the feature of their real classes but also to imagine their ideal classes ? : An questionnaire survey of upper grade elementary school students in Okinawa

本研究の目的は、現実的学級像認知だけでなく、理想的学級像認知が、所謂「分かる授業」の構成要素である授業中における教師の教授活動・児童自身の学習行動に対する児童の評価、学級満足度・学校生活意欲、学習方略、学習動機づけに対してどのような影響を与えているのかを明らかにすることであった。調査対象児は、沖縄県にある公立A小学校に通う小学５年生112名と小学６年生95名であった。調査の結果、⑴現実的学級像認知は、授業中における教師の教授活動および児童自身の学習行動への気づき、学級満足度・学校生活意欲、学習方略、学習動機づけにおける種々の変数に対して正の影響力を持つこと、⑵理想的学級像認知は、授業中における教師の教授活動および児童自身の学習行動への気づき、メタ認知的方略、同一化的調整に対して、正の影響力を持つことが示唆された。私たちは、これらの結果について、児童が現実的な学級像を認知するだけでなく理想的な学級像を思い描くことは、学力向上という点において重要であるという解釈を行った。The main purpose of this study was to reveal the effect of children’s images for the ideal and real classes （especially, for the ideal classes） to children’s evaluation for teacher’s teaching behaviors and their own learning activities, which were component of good education, class satisfaction and school life motivation, learning strategies, and learning motivation. Participants were 5th grade 112 students and 6th grade 95 students who attended A elementary school located in Okinawa. As results, ⑴ children’s images for the real classes had positive effect on various variables on children’s evaluation for teacher’s teaching behaviors and their own learning activities, class satisfaction and school life motivation, learning strategies, and learning motivation. ⑵ children’s images for the ideal classes had positive effect on children’s evaluation for teacher’s teaching behaviors and their own learning activities, metacognitive strategies, and identified motivation. We have interpreted the results that it was important for school aged children to imagine their ideal and real classes because these behaviors had a possibility to facilitate their academic development

Magnetism and Pressure-Induced Superconductivity of Checkerboard-Type Charge-Ordered Molecular Conductor β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2X (X = PF6 and AsF6)

The metallic state of the molecular conductor β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2X (DMBEDT-TTF = 2-(5,6-dihydro-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin-2-ylidene)-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin, X = PF6, AsF6) is transformed into the checkerboard-type charge-ordered state at around 75–80 K with accompanying metal-insulator (MI) transition on the anisotropic triangular lattice. With lowering temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility decreases gradually and reveals a sudden drop at the MI transition. By applying pressure, the charge-ordered state is suppressed and superconductivity appears in β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2AsF6 as well as in the reported β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6. The charge-ordered spin-gapped state and the pressure-induced superconducting state are discussed through the paired-electron crystal (PEC) model, where the spin-bonded electron pairs stay and become mobile in the crystal, namely the valence-bond solid (VBS) and the resonant valence bonded (RVB) state in the quarter-filled band structure

Magnetism and Pressure-Induced Superconductivity of Checkerboard-Type Charge-Ordered Molecular Conductor β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2X (X = PF6 and AsF6)

The metallic state of the molecular conductor β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2X (DMBEDT-TTF = 2-(5,6-dihydro-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin-2-ylidene)-5,6-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-b][1,4]dithiin, X = PF6, AsF6) is transformed into the checkerboard-type charge-ordered state at around 75–80 K with accompanying metal-insulator (MI) transition on the anisotropic triangular lattice. With lowering temperatures, the magnetic susceptibility decreases gradually and reveals a sudden drop at the MI transition. By applying pressure, the charge-ordered state is suppressed and superconductivity appears in β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2AsF6 as well as in the reported β-(meso-DMBEDT-TTF)2PF6. The charge-ordered spin-gapped state and the pressure-induced superconducting state are discussed through the paired-electron crystal (PEC) model, where the spin-bonded electron pairs stay and become mobile in the crystal, namely the valence-bond solid (VBS) and the resonant valence bonded (RVB) state in the quarter-filled band structure

Hydrogen-Bond-Dynamics-Based Switching of Conductivity and Magnetism: A Phase Transition Caused by Deuterium and Electron Transfer in a Hydrogen-Bonded Purely Organic Conductor Crystal

A hydrogen bond (H-bond) is one of the most fundamental and important noncovalent interactions in chemistry, biology, physics, and all other molecular sciences. Especially, the dynamics of a proton or a hydrogen atom in the H-bond has attracted increasing attention, because it plays a crucial role in (bio)­chemical reactions and some physical properties, such as dielectricity and proton conductivity. Here we report unprecedented H-bond-dynamics-based switching of electrical conductivity and magnetism in a H-bonded purely organic conductor crystal, κ-D₃(Cat-EDT-TTF)₂ (abbreviated as <b>κ-D</b>). This novel crystal <b>κ-D</b>, a deuterated analogue of κ-H₃(Cat-EDT-TTF)₂ (abbreviated as <b>κ-H</b>), is composed only of a H-bonded molecular unit, in which two crystallographically equivalent catechol-fused ethylene­dithio­tetra­thia­ful­valene (Cat-EDT-TTF) skeletons with a +0.5 charge are linked by a symmetric anionic [O···D···O]⁻¹-type strong H-bond. Although the deuterated and parent hydrogen systems, <b>κ-D</b> and <b>κ-H</b>, are isostructural paramagnetic semiconductors with a dimer-Mott-type electronic structure at room temperature (space group: <i>C</i>2/<i>c</i>), only <b>κ-D</b> undergoes a phase transition at 185 K, to change to a nonmagnetic insulator with a charge-ordered electronic structure (space group: <i>P</i>1̅). The X-ray crystal structure analysis demonstrates that this dramatic switching of the electronic structure and physical properties originates from deuterium transfer or displacement within the H-bond accompanied by electron transfer between the Cat-EDT-TTF π-systems, proving that the H-bonded deuterium dynamics and the conducting TTF π-electron are cooperatively coupled. Furthermore, the reason why this unique phase transition occurs only in <b>κ-D</b> is qualitatively discussed in terms of the H/D isotope effect on the H-bond geometry and potential energy curve