Exchange coupling between two ferromagnetic electrodes separated by a graphene nanoribbon

In this study, based on the self-energy method and the total energy calculation, the indirect exchange coupling between two semi-infinite ferromagnetic strips (FM electrodes) separated by metallic graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) is investigated. In order to form a FM/GNR/FM junction, a graphitic region of finite length is coupled to the FM electrodes along graphitic zigzag or armchair interfaces of width $N$. The numerical results show that, the exchange coupling strength which can be obtained from the difference between the total energies of electrons in the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic couplings, has an oscillatory behavior, and depends on the Fermi energy and the length of the central region.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures, International Conference on Theoretical Physics 'Dubna-Nano2008

When is it OK for children to start drinking fruit juice?

Children should be at least 6 months of age (strength of recommendation [SOR]: C, expert opinion) and parents should provide only 100% fruit juice in a cup (not a bottle). Intake should be limited to 4 to 6 oz a day until 12 months of age (SOR: C, expert opinion). It's important to reiterate to parents that breastfeeding is the preferred source of infant nutrition for the first 6 (preferably 12) months of life (SOR: A, systematic reviews)

Weakly Coupled Motion of Individual Layers in Ferromagnetic Resonance

We demonstrate a layer- and time-resolved measurement of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in a Ni81Fe19 / Cu / Co93Zr7 trilayer structure. Time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism has been developed in transmission, with resonant field excitation at a FMR frequency of 2.3 GHz. Small-angle (to 0.2 degree), time-domain magnetization precession could be observed directly, and resolved to individual layers through elemental contrast at Ni, Fe, and Co edges. The phase sensitivity allowed direct measurement of relative phase lags in the precession oscillations of individual elements and layers. A weak ferromagnetic coupling, difficult to ascertain in conventional FMR measurements, is revealed in the phase and amplitude response of individual layers across resonance.Comment: 22 pages, 6 figures submitted to Physical Review

Magnetostriction of ternary Fe–Ga–X (X = C,V,Cr,Mn,Co,Rh) alloys

Binary iron-gallium (Galfenol) alloys have large magnetostrictions over a wide temperature range. Single crystal measurements show that additions of 2 at. % or greater of 3d and 4d transition elements with fewer (V, Cr, Mo, Mn) and more (Co, Ni, Rh) valence electrons than Fe, all reduce the saturation magnetostriction. Kawamiya and Adachi [J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 31–34, 145 (1983)] reported that the D03 structure is stabilized by 3dtransition elements with electron∕atom ratios both less than iron and greater than iron. IfD03 ordering decreases the magnetostriction, the maximum magnetostriction should be largest for the (more disordered) binary Fe–Ga alloys as observed. Notably, addition of small amounts of C (0.07, 0.08, and 0.14 at. %) increases the magnetostriction of the slow cooled binary alloy to values comparable to the rapidly quenched alloy. We assume that small atom (C, B, N) additions enter interstitially and inhibit ordering, thus maximizing the magnetostriction without quenching

Atomic Structure and Magnetism of Ordered and Disordered Al₀.₅Fe₀.₅₋ₓMnₓ Alloys

The equiatomic FeAl alloy has been modified by partial substitution of Mn for Fe, and its magnetic and structural properties investigated by neutron diffraction (ND), x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS), and SQUID magnetometry both for the ordered (B2) and disordered states. The unit cell volume is measured to increase linearly with Mn concentration. XAFS measurements indicate local structural displacements occur at the Mn sites in both ordered and disordered states that may act to frustrate long-range magnetic order (LRMO). Although MS and ND show no evidence of LRMO, SQUID magnetometry indicates an induced movement in the ordered state that increases with disorder but does not saturate at fields up to 5 T

Luttinger liquid superlattices

We calculate the correlation functions and the DC conductivity of Luttinger liquid superlattices, modeled by a repeated pattern of interacting and free Luttinger liquids. In a specific realization, where the interacting subsystem is a Hubbard chain, the system exhibits a rich phase diagram with four different phases: two metals and two compressible insulators. In general, we find that the effective low energy description amalgamates features of both types of liquids in proportion to their spatial extent, suggesting the interesting possibility of `engineered' Luttinger liquids.Comment: RevTeX, 5 pages, 3 figure

Predicting the Amplitude of a Solar Cycle Using the North-South Asymmetry in the Previous Cycle: II. An Improved Prediction for Solar Cycle~24

Recently, using Greenwich and Solar Optical Observing Network sunspot group data during the period 1874-2006, (Javaraiah, MNRAS, 377, L34, 2007: Paper I), has found that: (1) the sum of the areas of the sunspot groups in 0-10 deg latitude interval of the Sun's northern hemisphere and in the time-interval of -1.35 year to +2.15 year from the time of the preceding minimum of a solar cycle n correlates well (corr. coeff. r=0.947) with the amplitude (maximum of the smoothed monthly sunspot number) of the next cycle n+1. (2) The sum of the areas of the spot groups in 0-10 deg latitude interval of the southern hemisphere and in the time-interval of 1.0 year to 1.75 year just after the time of the maximum of the cycle n correlates very well (r=0.966) with the amplitude of cycle n+1. Using these relations, (1) and (2), the values 112 + or - 13 and 74 + or -10, respectively, were predicted in Paper I for the amplitude of the upcoming cycle 24. Here we found that in case of (1), the north-south asymmetry in the area sum of a cycle n also has a relationship, say (3), with the amplitude of cycle n+1, which is similar to (1) but more statistically significant (r=0.968) like (2). By using (3) it is possible to predict the amplitude of a cycle with a better accuracy by about 13 years in advance, and we get 103 + or -10 for the amplitude of the upcoming cycle 24. However, we found a similar but a more statistically significant (r=0.983) relationship, say (4), by using the sum of the area sum used in (2) and the north-south difference used in (3). By using (4) it is possible to predict the amplitude of a cycle by about 9 years in advance with a high accuracy and we get 87 + or - 7 for the amplitude of cycle 24.Comment: 21 pages, 7 figures, Published in Solar Physics 252, 419-439 (2008

Magnetic field dependence of galfenol elastic properties

Elastic shear moduli measurements on Fe100−xGax (x = 12–33) single crystals (via resonant ultrasound spectroscopy) with and without a magnetic field and within 4–300 K are reported. The pronounced softening of the tetragonal shear modulus c′ is concluded to be, based on magnetoelastic coupling, the cause of the second peak in the tetragonal magnetostriction constant λ100 near x = 28. Exceedingly high ΔE effects ( ∼ 25%), combined with the extreme softness in c′ (c′\u3c10 GPa), suggest structural changes take place, yet, gradual in nature, as the moduli show a smooth dependence on Ga concentration, temperature, and magnetic field. Shear anisotropy (c44/c′) as high as 14.7 was observed for Fe71.2Ga28.8