Immunohistochemical neuroinflammatory markers in the hippocampus of PTZ-kindled rats under conditions of rapamycin and axitinib treatment

The aim of the study is to determine the level of HIF-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB in the hippocampus of kindled rats treated with rapamycin and axitinib. Materials and methods. Kindling was produced in 29 rats by administration of three-week pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 35.0 mg/kg, i.p.). Treatment with rapamycin (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and axitinib (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) was performed for ten days in fully kindled rats. The avidin-biotin-peroxidase method was used for hippocampal slice staining. For negative control, staining was performed using only secondary antibodies. Results. The HIF-1α expression increased in kindled rats raised by 1.77 times compared to the control (p<0.001). Axitinib treatment resulted in of HIF-1α level of 16.7 % (p<0.05) compared with kindled animals, while combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib reduced HIF-1α by 33.8 % (p<0.01). In kindled rats, TNF-α expression was 3.74 times greater than in control (p<0.001). Rapamycin treatment reduced TNF-α by 31.0 % (p<0.01). Axitinib treatment caused a reduction of TNF-α by 21.1 % (p<0.05). Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib reduced TNF-α by 48.0 % (p<0.001) but still exceeded the TNF-α in control by 1.95 times (p<0.01). NF-kB level in kindled rats exceeded the control by three times (p0.05), while axitinib – by 26.5 % (p<0.05) compared with kindled rats. Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib resulted in NF-kB reduction by 56.7 % compared with kindled rats (p<0.001). Conclusions. PTZ-kindling resulted in an increase in the immunoreactivity of HIF-1α, TNF-α, and NF-kB in the hippocampus. Combined treatment with rapamycin and axitinib engendered prevention of generalized seizures and normalized the level of HIF-1α and NF-kB with a significant reduction of TNF-α. Effects of treatment favours of synergy action of rapamycin and axitini

Macroocula nitida subsp. nitida Bischoff 1920

* Macroocula nitida nitida (Bischoff, 1920) (Figs 7, 8) Apterogyna nitida Bischoff 1920: 42, &male;. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: Ibex Reserve, 1 &female;, 11.IX. 2007, sticky trap; 3 &female;, 11.I. 2008, pitfall trap. Distribution. Saudi Arabia (new record), Algeria, Egypt, Israel, Libya, Western Sahara, Mali, Mauritania (Invrea 1953, Pagliano 2002), Tunisia, Senegal, Sudan (Pagliano 2002). Remarks. Female: head (including antenna, base of mandible), mesosoma, metasomal segment 1 orange, T 2, T 3 posteriorly and most of T 4 red (Fig. 7), T 6 dark orange to red, longitudinally striate anterad and posterad smooth and shiny, laterally with sharp spines (Fig. 8).Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Macroocula ohli Pagliano 2002

Macroocula ohli Pagliano, 2002 Macroocula ohli Pagliano 2002: 182, &male; (holotype, &male;, Oman; paratype from Saudi Arabia, Mughshin, NE Abqdiq). Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Oman (Pagliano 2002). FIGURES 1 –9. 1, 2. Apterogyna mateui, &female;: 1. Metasoma, 2. T 6; 3, 4. A. olivieri, &female;: 3. Metasoma, 4. T 6; 5, 6. Macroocula magna, &female;: 5. Metasoma, 6. T 6; 7, 8. M. nitida nitida, &female;: 7. Metasoma, 8. T 6; 9. M. riyadha, sp. nov., &male;, posterior view.Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on pages 493-494, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species

Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A., Pagliano, Guido (2014): Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species. Zootaxa 3754 (4): 491-497, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.1

Prevention of formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors caused by ppar-gamma activation strengthened with cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation

The investigation was performed on 55 male Wistar rats. The pain behaviors were induced through the formalin (2.5%) subcutaneous administration into the plantar surface of the right hind paw. Pain score value was determined continuously during 90 min. It was established that combined usage of pioglitazone (100.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (300 µA, 10.0 min) resulted in pronounced protection of pain behaviors at all stages of the pain syndrome development. The severity of investigated index decreased by 60.0% compared to the control data at 4-6 min after formalin administration (P<0.05). Averaged severity of pain behaviors was suppressed more than twice at Phase I and Interphase (P<0.05), by 60.0% at Phase 2A (P<0.05), and by 33.3% at Phase 2B (P<0.05). Pain -suppressive effect encompassed 42.0+8.25 min of Phase 2A and exceeded data in the group treated with tDCS by 39.1% (P<0.05) and in the group treated with pioglitazone by 64.3% (P<0.05). The conclusion was made that the pain-protective effect of pioglitazone is strengthened with cerebellar tDCS

Apterogyna Latreille 1809

Genus Apterogyna Latreille, 1809 Type species Apterogyna olivieri Latreille, 1809: 122, by monotypy.Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Apterogyna mateui Giner Mari 1945

* Apterogyna mateui Giner Marí, 1945 (Figs 1, 2) Apterogyna mateui Giner Marí, 1945: 244, &male; Material examined. Saudi Arabia: Ibex Reserve, pitfall trap, 2 &female;, 22.IX. 2007; 2 &female;, 20.X. 2007. Distribution. Saudi Arabia (new record), Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mali, Mauritania (Pagliano 2002). Remarks. Female: head, antenna, mandible basally, mesosoma, metasomal segment 1, legs and ovipositor orange to red, other metasoma dull black. Metasomal T 1 and T 2 medially with tuft and T 3 posteriorly with fascia of pale setae (Fig. 1). T 6 see Fig. 2.Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Macroocula mahunkai Argaman 1994

Macroocula mahunkai (Argaman, 1994) Doryleika mahunkai Argaman 1994: 46, 50, 51, &male; (paratype from Bedai, Northern Saudi Arabia). Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Tunisia (Argaman 1994, Pagliano 2002).Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Macroocula savignyi Klug 1829

Macroocula savignyi (Klug, 1829) (Figs 16, 17) Apterogyna savignyi Klug 1829: 5, &female;, &male; (type locality: Egypt). Macroocula savignyi: Pagliano 2002: 187, &male;, &female; (Saudi Arabia, Buraim). Material examined. Saudi Arabia: Ibex Reserve, 3 &male;, 19.IV. 2008, sweeping net; 1 &male;, 19.IV. 2008, light trap. Distribution. Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Oman, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia (Dover 1924), Israel, Libya (Invrea 1932), Nigeria (Invrea 1953), Algeria, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Somalia (Argaman 1994), Sudan, Yemen (Pagliano 2002). Remarks. Male: head, mesosoma, metasomal segment 1, legs and antenna red to orange; other metasoma dark ferruginous; metasomal segment 1 rather cylindrical than conical, longer than their width (Fig. 16); hind wing with 9 hamuli.Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 496, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003

Macroocula magna Invrea 1965

* Macroocula magna (Invrea, 1965) (Figs 5, 6) Apterogyna magna Invrea 1965: 56, &female;. Material examined. Saudi Arabia: Ibex Reserve, 1 &female;, 11.VIII. 2007; 2 &female;, 20.X. 2007. Distribution. Saudi Arabia (new record), Egypt, Yemen (Pagliano 2002). Remarks. Female: head (including antenna and basal third of mandible), mesosoma, metasomal segment 1, T 2 and T 3 posteriorly, T 4 mostly, and T 5 and T 6 totally reddish (Fig. 5). Terga posteriorly without fascia of silvery setae. T 6 triangular, convex, smooth and shiny (Fig. 6).Published as part of Gadallah, Neveen S., Al Dhafer, Hathal M., Aldryhim, Yousif N., Fadl, Hassan, Elgharbawy, Ali A. & Pagliano, Guido, 2014, Apterogyninae (Hymenoptera: Bradynobaenidae) from Saudi Arabia, with description of a new species, pp. 491-497 in Zootaxa 3754 (4) on page 493, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3754.4.10, http://zenodo.org/record/23003