Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Participatory Planning: A Strategy for Organizing and Reinventing Urban Worn

The phenomenon of unstable major cities  especially in developing countries, is common in urban species. Although the effects of these settlements dating back to their cell, they are generally a reflection of the shortcomings and failures such as the lack of municipal services and capital, uneven and unhelpful networks and pathways, and their environmental problems . Until now, Governmental and private organizations in different countries have tried to excel and rebuild old and worn parts of a city. But, researches show that the most effective action on excelling and rebuilding worn parts is cooperation and participation of citizens. They can create some organizations and NGOs.  This study shows that citizen participation in development and rebuilding worn parts is in four axels including culture of people, the availability level of Collaborative Management requirements, and the rules and laws governing people's lives. So, in this article, it is tried to make some managing patterns and human participation methods and finding merits and demerits of methods. These actions can be done by studies in libraries and finding some methods is suggested based on true and scientific management. Results indicated that the program of excelling and rebuilding of urban worn parts are one of expanding cities politics. There are lots of capacities on building houses and increasing urban facilities access. But the realization of this program due to its heavy investment requirement, and according to the widely -worn parts can be done only by public participation and public secto

Hesperidin as radioprotector against radiation-induced lung damage in rat: A histopathological study

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated by ionizing radiation, and one of the organs commonly affected by ROS is the lung. Radiation-induced lung injury including pneumonia and lung fibrosis is a dose-limiting factor in radiotherapy (RT) of patients with thorax irradiation. Administration of antioxidants has been proved to protect against ROS. The present study was aimed to assess the protective effect of hesperidin (HES) against radiation-induced lung injury of male rats. Fifty rats were divided into three groups. G1: Received no HES and radiation (sham). G2: Underwent γ-irradiation to the thorax. G3: Received HES and underwent γ-irradiation. The rats were exposed to a single dose of 18 Gy using cobalt-60 unit and were administered HES (100 mg/kg) for 7 days before irradiation. Histopathological analysis was performed 24 h and 8 weeks after RT. Histopathological results in 24 h showed radiation-induced inflammation and presence of more inflammatory cells as compared to G1 (P < 0.05). Administration of HES significantly decreased such an effect when compared to G2 (P < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation in 8 weeks showed a significant increase in mast cells, inflammation, inflammatory cells, alveolar thickness, vascular thickness, pulmonary edema, and fibrosis in G2 when compared to G1 (P < 0.05). HES significantly decreased inflammatory response, fibrosis, and mast cells when compared to G2 (P < 0.05). Administration of HES resulted in decreased radiation pneumonitis and radiation fibrosis in the lung tissue. Thus, the present study showed HES to be an efficient radioprotector against radiation-induced damage in the lung of tissue rats