Gender, war and militarism: making and questioning the links

The gender dynamics of militarism have traditionally been seen as straightforward, given the cultural mythologies of warfare and the disciplining of ‘masculinity’ that occurs in the training and use of men's capacity for violence in the armed services. However, women's relation to both war and peace has been varied and complex. It is women who have often been most prominent in working for peace, although there are no necessary links between women and opposition to militarism. In addition, more women than ever are serving in many of today's armies, with feminists rather uncertain on how to relate to this phenomenon. In this article, I explore some of the complexities of applying gender analyses to militarism and peace work in sites of conflict today, looking most closely at the Israeli feminist group, New Profile, and their insistence upon the costs of the militarized nature of Israeli society. They expose the very permeable boundaries between the military and civil society, as violence seeps into the fears and practices of everyday life in Israel. I place their work in the context of broader feminist analysis offered by researchers such as Cynthia Enloe and Cynthia Cockburn, who have for decades been writing about the ‘masculinist’ postures and practices of warfare, as well as the situation of women caught up in them. Finally, I suggest that rethinking the gendered nature of warfare must also encompass the costs of war to men, whose fundamental vulnerability to psychological abuse and physical injury is often downplayed, whether in mainstream accounts of warfare or in more specific gender analysis. Feminists need to pay careful attention to masculinity and its fragmentations in addressing the topic of gender, war and militarism

Novel genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume

The hippocampal formation is a brain structure integrally involved in episodic memory, spatial navigation, cognition and stress responsiveness. Structural abnormalities in hippocampal volume and shape are found in several common neuropsychiatric disorders. To identify the genetic underpinnings of hippocampal structure here we perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 33,536 individuals and discover six independent loci significantly associated with hippocampal volume, four of them novel. Of the novel loci, three lie within genes (ASTN2, DPP4 and MAST4) and one is found 200 kb upstream of SHH. A hippocampal subfield analysis shows that a locus within the MSRB3 gene shows evidence of a localized effect along the dentate gyrus, subiculum, CA1 and fissure. Further, we show that genetic variants associated with decreased hippocampal volume are also associated with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (rg =-0.155). Our findings suggest novel biological pathways through which human genetic variation influences hippocampal volume and risk for neuropsychiatric illness

Whole-genome sequencing reveals host factors underlying critical COVID-19

Critical COVID-19 is caused by immune-mediated inflammatory lung injury. Host genetic variation influences the development of illness requiring critical care1 or hospitalization2,3,4 after infection with SARS-CoV-2. The GenOMICC (Genetics of Mortality in Critical Care) study enables the comparison of genomes from individuals who are critically ill with those of population controls to find underlying disease mechanisms. Here we use whole-genome sequencing in 7,491 critically ill individuals compared with 48,400 controls to discover and replicate 23 independent variants that significantly predispose to critical COVID-19. We identify 16 new independent associations, including variants within genes that are involved in interferon signalling (IL10RB and PLSCR1), leucocyte differentiation (BCL11A) and blood-type antigen secretor status (FUT2). Using transcriptome-wide association and colocalization to infer the effect of gene expression on disease severity, we find evidence that implicates multiple genes—including reduced expression of a membrane flippase (ATP11A), and increased expression of a mucin (MUC1)—in critical disease. Mendelian randomization provides evidence in support of causal roles for myeloid cell adhesion molecules (SELE, ICAM5 and CD209) and the coagulation factor F8, all of which are potentially druggable targets. Our results are broadly consistent with a multi-component model of COVID-19 pathophysiology, in which at least two distinct mechanisms can predispose to life-threatening disease: failure to control viral replication; or an enhanced tendency towards pulmonary inflammation and intravascular coagulation. We show that comparison between cases of critical illness and population controls is highly efficient for the detection of therapeutically relevant mechanisms of disease

Efeito do intervalo de dessecação antecedendo a semeadura do milho e do uso de diferentes espécies de plantas de cobertura Timing of desiccation of distinct cover crops before corn sowing

O intervalo entre a dessecação e a semeadura da cultura de interesse comercial pode favorecer o crescimento e desenvolvimento dessas plantas e, conseqüentemente, aumentar sua produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes intervalos de dessecação e uso de diferentes tipos de plantas de cobertura na fertilidade do solo, no teor nutricional e no crescimento inicial da cultura do milho. O experimento foi realizado em condições controladas de casa de vegetação, sendo constituído dos seguintes tratamentos: quatro intervalos de dessecação antecedendo a cultura comercial, que corresponderam a 21, 14, 7 e 0 dias, em interação com três espécies de cobertura vegetal; Crotalaria juncea (crotalária); Pennisetum americanum (milheto) e Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (braquiária). O maior intervalo entre a dessecação e a semeadura do milho aumentou o teor de MO, P e K no solo; o teor desses dois nutrientes no solo depende da planta de cobertura em questão. O milho apresentou maior absorção de N, P e K, em razão do maior intervalo de dessecação das plantas de cobertura. O crescimento do milho foi favorecido em razão dos maiores intervalos de dessecação das espécies de cobertura, devendo ser respeitado o intervalo superior a 14 dias para maior disponibilidade de nutrientes às plantas.<br>The timing of desiccation of the cover crop before crop sowing can favor the development of the plants and, consequently, increase yields. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of intervals after desiccation of distinct cover crops and corn sowing on soil fertility, nutritional content and the initial development of corn. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions in a greenhouse, and consisted of the following treatments: four desiccation periods preceding the corn crop (21, 14, 7 and 0 days), combined with three cover crop species; Crotalaria juncea (Indian hemp), Pennisetum americanum (pearl millet) and Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (brachiaria). The longest time interval preceding corn sowing resulted in higher contents of soil organic matter, phosphorus and potassium; the content of these two nutrients was related to the cover crop species. Longer intervals between desiccation and corn planting resulted in greater absorption of N, P and K by corn plants. Corn development was also favored by longer periods after cover plant desiccation. An interval of more than 14 days should be maintained to ensure greater nutrient availability for the crop