Investigation of Interactive Effects on Water Flow and Solute Transport in Sandy Loam Soil Using Time Domain Reflectometry

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Assessment of irrigation schemes in Turkey with irrigation ratio and relative water supply

Irrigation management is among the key factors for the sustainability of irrigated agriculture. In Turkey, irrigation management is becoming increasingly important due to the scarcity of water resources and degrading environmental conditions. In this paper, we compiled a large data set that compromise of water supply, crop types, crop water requirement, and irrigated and command areas that are SHW-operated (State Hydraulic Works) and transferred irrigation schemes (the schemes transferred from SHW to non-profit organizations, i.e., water users' associations) for the five years (1996 to 2000). This data set was used to calculate two irrigation performance indicators: Irrigation ratio (IR) and relative water supply (RWS). ANOVA test results indicated that the differences in the IR and RWS among the years were statistically not significant, whereas a statistically significant difference was found between the SHW-operated and transferred irrigation schemes. The average values of the irrigation ratios for the transferred irrigation schemes were always higher than that of the SHW-operated schemes, but the opposite was true for the RWS. This suggest that the transfer of the SHW-operated schemes to the water use associations must be initiated and encouraged, in addition to the set up of legal procedures for participatory irrigation management, in order to cope with the possible operation and maintenance (O&M) problems of irrigation schemes

Determination of the Risk on Human Health of Heavy Metals Contained by Ship Source Bilge and Wastewater Discharged to the Sea on the Mediterranean by Monte Carlo Simulation

Discharge of bilge and wastewater from ships into the sea poses a risk to human health due to the heavy metals. In this study, shipborne bilgewater and wastewater carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks determine by using the measured and literature values of heavy metals copper, iron, vanadium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury in the shipborne bilgewater and wastewater. The heavy metal contents of seawater were selected from 11 points determined in Antalya Bay, wastewater, and bilge samples taken from two ships. The human health risk was determined using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method using these measured values and the heavy metal concentrations in the Mediterranean Sea in the literature. The risk of carcinogenicity of heavy metals from wastewater by dermal route, ingestion, and from bilge water by dermal way and ingestion were evaluated. The wastewater is dermal Ni > As > Cr, the wastewater is Ni > Cr > As by ingestion, the dermal Ni > As > Cr in the bilge, and the risk of ingestion is Ni > Cr > As. It has been determined that the non-carcinogenic Cr, Co, Hg, and As values in the wastewater and bilge water are above the acceptable 1 and therefore expose a risk to human health. The human health carcinogenic risk caused by heavy metals generating from the bilge and wastewater is much higher than the standard values determined by the WHO. For the first time in this study, it was determined that bilge water exposes a high risk for both swimmers and ship personnel in the health risk assessment of shipborne wastewater and bilge water