DataSheet1_Capsaicin suppresses ciliary function, while inducing permeability in bronchial epithelial cell cultures of COPD patients.docx

Take Home Message: Capsaicin modified inflammatory response and caused toxicity in bronchial epithelial cultures from patients with COPD. More importantly, capsaicin decreased ciliary beat frequency and induced epithelial permeability and these effects were partially prevented by formoterol and roflumilast.Tear gas is widely used to halt mass demonstrations. Studies have reported its adverse effects on multiple organ systems; however, its effect on individuals with chronic respiratory diseases and the underlying mechanisms of these effects are unclear. For the first time in the literature, we investigated the effects of capsaicin, the active ingredient of tear gas, on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) cultures obtained from well-characterized groups of nonsmokers, smokers, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). BEC cultures were incubated with 50-500 μM capsaicin in the absence and presence of formoterol (1μM) and roflumilast (0.1 μM) for 24 h. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were assessed at T1/4, T1/2, T1, T2, T4, T6, and T24 h, whereas the release of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-8, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured at T24 h. Capsaicin (250 µM) significantly decreased CBF of all BEC cultures from T1/4 h to T24 h (p<0.05). Formoterol significantly prevented decreases in CBF induced by capsaicin. Higher concentrations of capsaicin (250-500 μM) significantly reduced TEER of BECs from nonsmokers (T2-T24 h), smokers (T24 h) and COPD patients (T2 and T24 h), which was partially prevented by roflumilast. Capsaicin (500 μM) decreased release of IL-8 (p<0.0001) and GM-CSF (p<0.05) while inducing release of LDH in BECs (p<0.05), and this was more prominent in BEC from patients with COPD. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that capsaicin can suppress ciliary activity and cytokine release from BECs, induce BEC culture permeability and cellular toxicity and that these effects can be partially prevented by formoterol and roflumilast.</p

Table_1_The effect of multiple outgrowths from bronchial tissue explants on progenitor/stem cell number in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from smokers and patients with COPD.docx

BackgroundAlthough studies suggest a deficiency in stem cell numbers in chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of bronchial epithelial progenitor/stem (P/S) cells is not clear. The objectives of this study were to investigate expression of progenitor/stem (P/S) cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14 and p63 in bronchial epithelial explants and cell cultures obtained from smokers with and without COPD following multiple outgrowths, and to study this effect on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation.MethodsBronchial epithelial explants were dissected from lung explants and cultured on coverslips. Confluent cultures were obtained after 3–4 weeks’ (transfer, Tr1), explants were then transferred and cultured for a second (Tr2) and third (Tr3) time, respectively. At each stage, expression of CK5, CK14 and p63 in explants and BEC were determined by immunostaining. In parallel experiments, outgrowing cells from explants were counted after 4wks, and explants subsequently transferred to obtain new cultures for a further 3 times.ResultsAs the transfer number advanced, CK5, CK14 and p63 expression was decreased in both explants and BEC from both smokers without COPD and patients with COPD, with a more pronounced decrease in BEC numbers in the COPD group. Total cell numbers cultured from explants were decreased with advancing outgrowth number in both groups. Smoking status and lung function parameters were correlated with reduced P/S marker expression and cell numbers.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the number of P/S cells in airway epithelium may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, as well as a role in the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, in vitro.</p

Image_1_The effect of multiple outgrowths from bronchial tissue explants on progenitor/stem cell number in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from smokers and patients with COPD.JPEG

BackgroundAlthough studies suggest a deficiency in stem cell numbers in chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of bronchial epithelial progenitor/stem (P/S) cells is not clear. The objectives of this study were to investigate expression of progenitor/stem (P/S) cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14 and p63 in bronchial epithelial explants and cell cultures obtained from smokers with and without COPD following multiple outgrowths, and to study this effect on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation.MethodsBronchial epithelial explants were dissected from lung explants and cultured on coverslips. Confluent cultures were obtained after 3–4 weeks’ (transfer, Tr1), explants were then transferred and cultured for a second (Tr2) and third (Tr3) time, respectively. At each stage, expression of CK5, CK14 and p63 in explants and BEC were determined by immunostaining. In parallel experiments, outgrowing cells from explants were counted after 4wks, and explants subsequently transferred to obtain new cultures for a further 3 times.ResultsAs the transfer number advanced, CK5, CK14 and p63 expression was decreased in both explants and BEC from both smokers without COPD and patients with COPD, with a more pronounced decrease in BEC numbers in the COPD group. Total cell numbers cultured from explants were decreased with advancing outgrowth number in both groups. Smoking status and lung function parameters were correlated with reduced P/S marker expression and cell numbers.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the number of P/S cells in airway epithelium may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, as well as a role in the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, in vitro.</p

Image_3_The effect of multiple outgrowths from bronchial tissue explants on progenitor/stem cell number in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from smokers and patients with COPD.JPEG

BackgroundAlthough studies suggest a deficiency in stem cell numbers in chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of bronchial epithelial progenitor/stem (P/S) cells is not clear. The objectives of this study were to investigate expression of progenitor/stem (P/S) cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14 and p63 in bronchial epithelial explants and cell cultures obtained from smokers with and without COPD following multiple outgrowths, and to study this effect on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation.MethodsBronchial epithelial explants were dissected from lung explants and cultured on coverslips. Confluent cultures were obtained after 3–4 weeks’ (transfer, Tr1), explants were then transferred and cultured for a second (Tr2) and third (Tr3) time, respectively. At each stage, expression of CK5, CK14 and p63 in explants and BEC were determined by immunostaining. In parallel experiments, outgrowing cells from explants were counted after 4wks, and explants subsequently transferred to obtain new cultures for a further 3 times.ResultsAs the transfer number advanced, CK5, CK14 and p63 expression was decreased in both explants and BEC from both smokers without COPD and patients with COPD, with a more pronounced decrease in BEC numbers in the COPD group. Total cell numbers cultured from explants were decreased with advancing outgrowth number in both groups. Smoking status and lung function parameters were correlated with reduced P/S marker expression and cell numbers.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the number of P/S cells in airway epithelium may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, as well as a role in the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, in vitro.</p

Image_2_The effect of multiple outgrowths from bronchial tissue explants on progenitor/stem cell number in primary bronchial epithelial cell cultures from smokers and patients with COPD.JPEG

BackgroundAlthough studies suggest a deficiency in stem cell numbers in chronic airway diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the role of bronchial epithelial progenitor/stem (P/S) cells is not clear. The objectives of this study were to investigate expression of progenitor/stem (P/S) cell markers, cytokeratin (CK) 5, CK14 and p63 in bronchial epithelial explants and cell cultures obtained from smokers with and without COPD following multiple outgrowths, and to study this effect on bronchial epithelial cell (BEC) proliferation.MethodsBronchial epithelial explants were dissected from lung explants and cultured on coverslips. Confluent cultures were obtained after 3–4 weeks’ (transfer, Tr1), explants were then transferred and cultured for a second (Tr2) and third (Tr3) time, respectively. At each stage, expression of CK5, CK14 and p63 in explants and BEC were determined by immunostaining. In parallel experiments, outgrowing cells from explants were counted after 4wks, and explants subsequently transferred to obtain new cultures for a further 3 times.ResultsAs the transfer number advanced, CK5, CK14 and p63 expression was decreased in both explants and BEC from both smokers without COPD and patients with COPD, with a more pronounced decrease in BEC numbers in the COPD group. Total cell numbers cultured from explants were decreased with advancing outgrowth number in both groups. Smoking status and lung function parameters were correlated with reduced P/S marker expression and cell numbers.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the number of P/S cells in airway epithelium may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, as well as a role in the proliferation of airway epithelial cells, in vitro.</p

Image_1_The association of antiviral drugs with COVID-19 morbidity: The retrospective analysis of a nationwide COVID-19 cohort.JPEG

Background and objectivesAlthough several repurposed antiviral drugs have been used for the treatment of COVID-19, only a few such as remdesivir and molnupiravir have shown promising effects. The objectives of our study were to investigate the association of repurposed antiviral drugs with COVID-19 morbidity.MethodsPatients admitted to 26 different hospitals located in 16 different provinces between March 11–July 18, 2020, were enrolled. Case definition was based on WHO criteria. Patients were managed according to the guidelines by Scientific Board of Ministry of Health of Turkey. Primary outcomes were length of hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) requirement, and intubation.ResultsWe retrospectively evaluated 1,472 COVID-19 adult patients; 57.1% were men (mean age = 51.9 ± 17.7years). A total of 210 (14.3%) had severe pneumonia, 115 (7.8%) were admitted to ICUs, and 69 (4.7%) were intubated during hospitalization. The median (interquartile range) of duration of hospitalization, including ICU admission, was 7 (5–12) days. Favipiravir (n = 328), lopinavir/ritonavir (n = 55), and oseltamivir (n = 761) were administered as antiviral agents, and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ, n = 1,382) and azithromycin (n = 738) were used for their immunomodulatory activity. Lopinavir/ritonavir (β [95% CI]: 4.71 [2.31–7.11]; p = 0.001), favipiravir (β [95% CI]: 3.55 [2.56–4.55]; p = 0.001) and HCQ (β [95% CI]: 0.84 [0.02–1.67]; p = 0.046) were associated with increased risk of lengthy hospital stays. Furthermore, favipiravir was associated with increased risks of ICU admission (OR [95% CI]: 3.02 [1.70–5.35]; p = 0.001) and invasive mechanical ventilation requirement (OR [95% CI]: 2.94 [1.28–6.75]; p = 0.011).ConclusionOur findings demonstrated that antiviral drugs including lopinavir, ritonavir, and favipiravir were associated with negative clinical outcomes such as increased risks for lengthy hospital stay, ICU admission, and invasive mechanical ventilation requirement. Therefore, repurposing such agents without proven clinical evidence might not be the best approach for COVID-19 treatment.</p