Dynamische Sprachmodelle : eine wissenschaftshistorische Untersuchung

Sprachen und soziokulturelle Phänomene sind der gleichen Dynamik unterworfen. Die Dynamik des Sprachwandels – also sprachliche Innovationen und ihre Ausbreitung – stellt in einer Sprachgemeinschaft ein Beispiel für den Wandel soziokultureller Phänomene in einer Gesellschaft dar. Beide Erscheinungen des Wandels gehen von einem sprachlichen Individuum aus, und beide Prozesse werden erst dann vollzogen, wenn ein innovativer Akt des Individuums in der gleichen Form von der Gemeinschaft übernommen wird. Sprecher setzen den Sprachwandel unbeabsichtigt durch das sprachliche Handeln immer wieder in Gang, sie führen zu allen Zeiten einen kontroversen Diskurs über die Sprachveränderungen, ohne jemals den Sprachwandel bzw. den Sprachverfall „an sich“ beobachten zu können

Timokinon uygulamasının ratların pankreas dokusunda somatostatin salgısı üzerine etkileri]

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of thymoquinone (TQ), which is the bioactive phytochemical constituent of the seeds oil of Nigella sativa, on somatostatin secretion in the rat pancreatic tissue by immunohistochemical method. Animals (n=30) were divided into 3 groups as follows: control, sham and thymoquinone. While Thymoquinone group received 8 mg/kg of TQ which injected for 14 days, only isotonic saline was injected to the sham group for same time. The control group received nothing. Crossman's triple staining was applied to tissue sections to examine histology. Streptavidin-Biotin-Peroxidase Complex method was used to investigate somatostatin immunoreactivity in the pancreatic tissue. Specific somatostatin immunoreactivities were observed in endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans) in all groups. It was determined that somatostatin secretion increased in the thymoquinone group compared to control and sham. In conclusion, thymoquinone administration was concluded to increase the secretion of somatostatin that is known to regulate certain hormones such as growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, secretin and gastrin.Namik Kemal University Commission for the Scientific Research (NKUBAP)Namik Kemal University [NKUBAP.00.M9.AR.14.02]This study was supported by Namik Kemal University Commission for the Scientific Research (NKUBAP) (Project No. NKUBAP.00.M9.AR.14.02

Diyabetik Ratlarda Fesleğen (Ocimum sanctum) Uygulamasının Böbrek Dokusunda Tümör Nekrozis Faktör-α ve İnterlökin 1β Salınımı Üzerine Etkileri

This study aims to examine the changes of the Ocimum sanctum treatment on the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) in the kidney tissue of the rats, in which the experimental diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ). Forty Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into 5 groups: Diabetes, Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum sanctum, Control, and Sham. The immunohistochemical localization of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the kidney tissue was determined by using the streptavidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Strong TNF-alpha immunoreactivity was determined in the renal cortex of the rats in the Diabetes and Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum groups on 14th days, low immunoreactivity was determined in the rats in Ocimum sanctum, Sham, and Control groups. While strong IL-1 beta immunoreactivity was observed in the renal cortex of the Diabetes group, moderate IL-1 beta immunoreactivity was observed in the renal cortex of the Diabetes + Ocimum sanctum and low immunoreactivity was determined in the Ocimum sanctum, Sham, and Control groups. In this study, it was assessed how the polymorphisms, occurring in the cytokine genes of Ocimum sanctum in the rats, in which experimental diabetes was induced, and TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, which was demonstrated to have an important role in the complication development in the diabetic patients affected the renal tissue.Ondokuz Mayis UniversityOndokuz Mayis UniversityHistopathological results was evaluation Prof. Dr. Mahmut Sozmen in the patology Depertment Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University. Thanks to Mahmut Sozmen for contribution

Malathion ve Onosma nigricaule (Boraginaceae)'nin fare böbrek dokusunda katalaz (CAT) ve süperoksit dismutaz-2 (Mn-SOD) salınımı üzerine etkileri]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the plant extract, which is obtained from Onosma nigricaule due to the oxidation parameters caused in mice by malathion that is used as an insecticide in agriculture, on catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase-2 (Mn-SOD) in kidney tissues by immunohistochemical technique. A total of 48 male mice (Mus musculus) were used in our study. Mice were divided 6 groups (control group, maize oil group, normal saline group, Onosma nigricaule group, malathion group, Onosma nigrcaule+malathion group). Hematoxylin-eosin and triple staining methods were used for histological and pathological examinations. The localization of CAT and Mn-SOD in the renal tissue was determined using the method of streptavidinbiotin- peroxidase. CAT immunoreactivity was determined with a weak intensity in epithelium of renal tubulus proximalis of mice in the malathion group, with a moderate intensity in Onosma nigricaule+ malathion group and with a higher intensity in tubulus proximalis of other groups. A cytoplasmic Mn-SOD immunoreactivity was determined with weak intensity in renal medulla of mice in malathion group, with moderate intensity in renal medulla of mice in Onosma nigricaule plant extract+ malathion group, maize oil group, and normal saline group and with highly intensity in control and Onosma nigricaule groups. It was concluded that Onosma nigricaule might play a protective role as an antioxidant against the oxidant features of malathion.Kafkas University, BAPKafkas University [2013-KSYO-78]This research was supported by a grant from the Kafkas University, BAP (Project No: 2013-KSYO-78

Kızıl tilkilerde (vulpes vulpes) testis, penis ve prostat’ın arteriyel vaskülarizasyonu, makroanatomik ve histolojik yapısı

The aim of this study was to examine arterial vascularization and the macroanatomic and histological structures of the testis, penis, and prostate gland in the red fox. Five male red foxes were provided by the Wildlife Rescue and Rehabilitation Center of Kafkas University, Turkey. The arteries supplying the prostate, penis, and testes in the animals were exposed by dissection, the mean length, width, and weight of these organs were measured. After the anatomical features of the testis, penis, and prostate were assessed, tissue samples of each blocked in paraffin then handling standard histological procedures. The internal iliac artery was divided into two branches the caudal gluteal artery, which is the thicker branch and leads dorsally, and the internal pudendal artery, which is the thinner branch and leads ventrally. The testicular artery is asymmetrically separated from both sides of the abdominal aorta at the 5th lumbar vertebra, passes through the spermatic canal, and ends in the testes. It is thought that the findings of this study will contribute information to the literature on artificial insemination, castration, prostate, and urolithiasis surgeries on carnivores.Bu çalışmanın amacı kızıl tilkilerde testis, penis ve prostat’ın arteriyel vaskularizasyonu, makroanatomik ve histolojik yapısını incelemektir. Kafkas Üniversitesi Yaban Hayatı Koruma ve Kurtarma Merkezi’nden 5 adet erkek kızıl tilki temin edildi. Testis, penis ve prostat’ı besleyen arterler diseke edildi. Bu organların ortalama uzunluğu, genişliği, ağırlığı ölçüldü. Testis, penis ve prostat’ın anatomik özellikleri değerlendirildikten doku örneklerine standart histolojik prosedür uygulanarak parafinde bloklandı. İnternal iliac arter, daha kalın dorsal’e yönelen caudal gluteal arter ve daha ince ventral’e yönelen internal pudendal arter olarak ikiye ayrılıyordu. A. testicularis’ler L5 hizasında abdominal aorta’nın iki tarafından asimetrik olarak ayrılıyordu. Spermatik kanal boyunca seyredip testislerde sonlanıyordu. Sunulan çalışmanın bulgularının kızıl tilkiler ve carnivorlarda yapılacak olan suni tohumlama, kastrasyon, prostat ve ürolithiasis operasyonlarına katkıda bulunacağına inanmaktayız

Immunohistochemical Examination on the Effects of Malathion and Onosma Nigricaule (Boraginaceae) on the Leptin in Renal Tissues of Mice

AimThe purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the plant extract, which is obtained from Onosma nigricaule due to the oxidation parameters caused in mice by Malathion that is used as an insecticide in agriculture, on leptin in renal tissues in an immunohistochemical way.Material-MethodsA total of 48 male mice were used in our study. 6 groups were determined as the control (group 1), maize oil which is the transport agent of malathion (group 2), normal saline which is the transport agent of plant extract (group 3), Onosma nigricaule (group 4), malathion (group 5) and Onosma nigricaule plant extract + malathion (group 6) group. The localization of leptin in the renal tissue was determined using the method of Streptavidin-Biotin- Peroxidase. Hematoxylin-eosin and triple staining methods were used for histological and pathological examinations.ResultsNo lesion was determined in renal tissues of the control group, normal saline group, maize oil group, Onosma nigricaule malathion and onosma nigricaule + malathion groups. Leptin immunoreactivity was determined with a weak intensity in renal tubulus proximalis and distalis epithelial cells of mice in the onosma nigricaule group, and onosma nigricaule + malathion group and with a high intensity in tubulus proximalis of other groups.ConclusionThis study conducted on mice revealed that malathion, which is commonly used as insecticide in Turkey, affects leptin activities in renal tissue of mice

Le Moyen-Orient dans le contexte monétaire international

The purpose of this article is to describe and analyze how the trial of developing and reconstructing western economies, led by the United States after World War II, when creating the 1945 Financial Monetary System, integrated by the International Monetary Fund as a key international institution, and the Bretton Woods Agreements, had repercussions on the countries of the Middle East. These repercussions include geopolitical tensions related to necessarily using oil resources as a strategy, articulating a widespread use of fiat money, and creating bank deposits from the credits granted, which were functionally successful until 1971. Since the unilateral abandonment by the United States of the 1945 agreements mentioned above, this resulted in a generalized floating of several currencies, granting credits destined for production or financial exacerbation, with incidents in the international oil exchange, ending all of this in a series of economic and political crises. Hence, from the eighth decade of the 20th century, after summarizing the changes in the theoretical framework and political practices that occurred, we present the experiences of the economic-political decisions taken in representative countries of the Middle EastEl propósito de este artículo es el de describir y analizar cómo el ensayo de la estrategia de desarrollo y de reconstrucción de las economías occidentales, lideradas por los Estados Unidos después de la II Guerra Mundial, al crear en 1945 el Sistema Monetario Financiero integrado por el Fondo Monetario Internacional como institución internacional clave, Acuerdos de Bretton Woods, repercutió en los países del Oriente Medio, incluidas las tensiones geopolíticas relacionadas con la necesaria utilización de los recursos energéticos del petróleo, dicha estrategia, con articulación del uso generalizado del dinero fiduciario y creación de depósitos bancarios a partir de los créditos concedidos, tuvo funcionalidad exitosa hasta 1971; pues el abandono unilateral por los Estados Unidos, de los mencionados acuerdos de 1945, devino en flotación generalizada de las diversas monedas, otorgamientos de créditos destinados a la producción o exacerbación financiera, con incidencias en el intercambio internacional petrolero; expresándose todo ello en una serie de crisis económicas y políticas. De allí que, a partir de la octava década del siglo XX, después de resumir los cambios en el marco teórico y en las prácticas políticas ocurrido a partir de la octava década del siglo XX presentemos las experiencias provistas por las decisiones económicas-políticas tomadas en países representativos del Oriente MedioLe but de cet article est de décrire et d'analyser comment l'essai sur la stratégie de développement et de reconstruction des économies occidentales, mené par les États-Unis après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, lors de la création en 1945 du Système monétaire financier intégré par le Le Fonds monétaire international en tant qu'institution internationale clé, les accords de Bretton Woods, ont eu des répercussions sur les pays du Moyen-Orient, y compris des tensions géopolitiques liées à l'utilisation nécessaire des ressources énergétiques pétrolières, une telle stratégie, avec une articulation de l'utilisation généralisée de la monnaie fiduciaire et de la création des dépôts bancaires provenant des crédits accordés, ont fonctionné avec succès jusqu'en 1971; puisque l'abandon unilatéral par les États-Unis des accords de 1945 précités s'est traduit par un flottement généralisé des différentes monnaies, l'octroi de crédits destinés à la production ou une exacerbation financière, avec des incidents sur les bourses internationales du pétrole; exprimer tout cela dans une série de crises économiques et politiques. Ainsi, à partir de la huitième décennie du 20e siècle, après avoir résumé les changements du cadre théorique et des pratiques politiques intervenus à partir de la huitième décennie du 20e siècle, nous présentons les expériences fournies par les décisions économico-politiques prises en pays représentatifs du Moyen-Orien

L'huile dans le tourbillon du coronavirus

By the seventh decade of the 20th century, the world was divided into two large blocks: the Western one, which complemented the satisfaction of its energy needs with imports from the Middle East; subjected to the tensions between the hegemonic pretensions of the socialist world and the dominance of the financial system centered on the Bretton Woods agreements, creators of the IMF and the World Bank. The increase in oil prices in the eighth decade, due to the appetite of China and the desire to improve the material well-being of the countries of the Middle East, created incentives and pressures to introduce modifications in the world monetary order and in its political components basic: the National States; situations whose preliminary analysis is the purpose of this essayPara la séptima década del siglo XX, el mundo estaba dividido en dos grandes bloques: el Occidental, que complementaba la satisfacción de sus necesidades energéticas con importaciones provenientes, principalmente, del Oriente Medio; sometido a las tensiones entre las pretensiones hegemónicas del mundo socialista y del predominio del sistema financiero centrado sobre los acuerdos de Bretton Woods, creadores del FMI y del Banco Mundial. El incremento de los precios petroleros, en la octava década, por el apetito de China y por el deseo de mejorar el bienestar material de los países del Oriente Medio, crearon incentivos y presiones para introducir modificaciones en el orden monetario mundial y en sus componentes políticos básicos: los Estados Nacionales; situaciones cuyo análisis preliminar es el propósito de este ensayoÀ la septième décennie du 20e siècle, le monde était divisé en deux grands blocs: le bloc occidental, qui complétait la satisfaction de ses besoins énergétiques par des importations en provenance du Moyen-Orient; soumis aux tensions entre les prétentions hégémoniques du monde socialiste et la domination du système financier centré sur les accords de Bretton Woods, créateurs du FMI et de la Banque mondiale. L'augmentation des prix du pétrole au cours de la huitième décennie, due à l'appétit de la Chine et à la volonté d'améliorer le bien-être matériel des pays du Moyen-Orient, a créé des incitations et des pressions pour introduire des modifications dans l'ordre monétaire mondial et dans ses composantes politiques de base: les États nationaux; situations dont l'analyse préliminaire est le but de cet essa