Dietary pattern and practices during pregnancy and in puerperium a rural study

An longitudinal study was carried out for a period of one year from May 1987 to April 1988. 212 pregnant women were registered, in the Jaxuan block of district Aligarh in Western Uttar Pradesh for studying their dietary pattern 81 dietary practices in pregnancy and inpuerperim respectively. There was no significant change in diet during pregnancy but during puerperium there was increase in food consumption as a traditional practice. The mean caloric consumption in various social classes showed a consistent rise with increase in socio-economic status and ranged from 1850 calories in social class V to 2375 calories in social class I. Since 68.6% of women belong to social class IV8iV, the single most important determinent for inadequate calorie intake was poverty. Out of208 babies born, 52 babies could only be weighed Si they were all low birth weight babies with an average weight of2.1 kg

Analisis Ketersediaan Obat Antihipertensi dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Pengobatan Pasien Hipertensi di Puskesmas Kota Bandar Lampung

Hipertensi adalah peningkatan tekanan darah sistolik lebih dari 140 mmHg dan tekanan darah diastolik lebih dari 90 mmHg pada dua kali pengukuran dengan selang waktu lima menit dalam keadaan cukup istirahat / tenang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kesesuaian jenis dan jumlah obat antihipertensi dengan standar pengobatan hipertensi, untuk mengetahui ketersediaan obat antihipertensi sesuai dengan jenis dan jumlahnya serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh ketersediaan obat antihipertensi terhadap pengobatan pasien hipertensi di puskesmas Kota Bandar Lampung. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi expost facto atau observasional yang bersifat deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data secara retrospektif dan prospektif selama tahun 2017  pada 23 puskesmas di Kota Bandar Lampung. Analisa data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis chi square dan analisis multivariat. Hasil uji chi square pada tingkat pendidikan dokter dan tenaga kefarmasian nilai Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) < 0,05 yaitu 0,027 dan 0,047, ketersediaan obat antihipertensi nilai Asymptotic Significance (2-sided) 0,005 dan 0,001 < 0,05, artinya variabel tersebut ada dengan kebutuhan jenis dan jumlah obat antihipertensi untuk pasien hipertensi. Pada analisis multivariat secara stimultan, ketersediaan obat antihipertensi paling berpengaruh atau dominan terhadap kebutuhan jenis dan jumlah obat antihipertensi untuk pasien hipertensi dilihat dari nilai significance yang paling kecil yaitu 0,005 dan dilihat dari nilai OR yang terbesar yaitu 5,588 .Dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara stimultan dan bersama-sama  ketersediaan obat antihipertensi berpengaruh terhadap pengobatan pasien hipertensi. Kata Kunci : Ketersediaan Obat Antihipertensi, Pasien hipertensi, Pengobata

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance in Citrobacter freundii Isolated from Domestic Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Citrobacter freundii poses a serious challenge as this species is one of the sources of nosocomial infection and causes diarrheal infections in humans. Ducks could be the potential source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. freundii; however, AMR profiles in C. freundii from non-human sources in Bangladesh have remained elusive. This study aimed to detect C. freundii in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh and to determine their phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 150 cloacal swabs of diseased domestic ducks were screened using culturing, staining, biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) to detect C. freundii. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns were done by the disk diffusion method and PCR, respectively. In total, 16.67% (25/150) of the samples were positive for C. freundii. C. freundii isolates showed a range of 20% to 96% resistance to cefotaxime, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, and cephalexin. More than 60% of the isolates were phenotypically MDR, and the index of multiple antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.07 to 0.79. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams [blaTEM-1-88% (22/25), blaCMY-2-56% (14/25), blaCMY-9-8% (2/25), and blaCTX-M-14-20% (5/25)], sulfonamides [sul1-52% (13/25), sul2-24% (6/25)], tetracyclines [tetA-32% (8/25) and tetB-4% (1/25)], aminoglycosides [aacC4-16% (4/25)], and fluoroquinolones [qnrA-4% (1/25), qnrB-12% (3/25), and qnrS-4% (1/25)] were detected in the isolated C. freundii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR C. freundii with their associated resistance genes from duck samples. We suggest addressing the burden of diseases in ducks and humans and associated AMR issues using the One Health approach

Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Citrobacter freundii</i> Isolated from Domestic Ducks (<i>Anas platyrhynchos domesticus</i>) in Bangladesh

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Citrobacter freundii poses a serious challenge as this species is one of the sources of nosocomial infection and causes diarrheal infections in humans. Ducks could be the potential source of multidrug-resistant (MDR) C. freundii; however, AMR profiles in C. freundii from non-human sources in Bangladesh have remained elusive. This study aimed to detect C. freundii in domestic ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) in Bangladesh and to determine their phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 150 cloacal swabs of diseased domestic ducks were screened using culturing, staining, biochemical, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) to detect C. freundii. Phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility patterns were done by the disk diffusion method and PCR, respectively. In total, 16.67% (25/150) of the samples were positive for C. freundii. C. freundii isolates showed a range of 20% to 96% resistance to cefotaxime, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, ampicillin, and cephalexin. More than 60% of the isolates were phenotypically MDR, and the index of multiple antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.07 to 0.79. Genes encoding resistance to beta-lactams [blaTEM-1-88% (22/25), blaCMY-2-56% (14/25), blaCMY-9-8% (2/25), and blaCTX-M-14-20% (5/25)], sulfonamides [sul1-52% (13/25), sul2-24% (6/25)], tetracyclines [tetA-32% (8/25) and tetB-4% (1/25)], aminoglycosides [aacC4-16% (4/25)], and fluoroquinolones [qnrA-4% (1/25), qnrB-12% (3/25), and qnrS-4% (1/25)] were detected in the isolated C. freundii. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study in Bangladesh to detect MDR C. freundii with their associated resistance genes from duck samples. We suggest addressing the burden of diseases in ducks and humans and associated AMR issues using the One Health approach