Serum carbohydrate deficient transferrin as a marker for alcohol abuse

Aim: To examine serum carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) as a marker of alcohol abuse and to determine possible reasons for false positive and false negative results. Background: Alcohol misuse constitutes a major problem for medical and social agencies world-wide. Early detection and meticulous monitoring of drinking behaviour in individuals, once identified, remain the mainstays of effective management. Objective markers are required to facilitate this process. Serum CDT has been proposed for this purpose but the performance of the available commercial kits appears to fall short of the more sophisticated HPLC techniques used for research purposes. Methods: Two commercial assays, CDTect (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Sweden) and AXIS %CDT (AXIS Biochemicals ASA, Norway), were used. Results: In a study population of 590 individuals with well-documented and widely divergent drinking behaviour the sensitivity/specificity of serum CDT was 47.9% and 78.4% (CDTect) and 47.9% and 90.3% (AXIS %CDT). The false positive rates in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease, 26.4% (CDTect) and 7.7% (AXIS %CDT), and the false positive and false negative rates in alcohol misusers, 33.6 / 52.1% (CDTect) and 25.5 / 52.1% (AXIS %CDT) were unacceptably high. An additional 363 individuals were studied with similar results. Monitoring performance was assessed in 40 alcohol misusers followed serially from detoxification over 6 months. Poor assay performance could not be attributed to chronic inflammation or iron status. There was evidence that some false positive results reflected changes in the transferrin isoform profile on HPLC which differed from changes associated with alcohol misuse. Conclusion: CDT was unsatisfactory using commercial kits and when used alone. In combination with other laboratory markers of alcohol misuse improved overall performance for both screening and monitoring. Further developments are needed in order to maximise the performance of the commercial techniques for assaying serum CDT

A comparison of survivourship and function (grazing and behaviour) of three gastropod species used as clean-up crew for the marine aquarium trade

Several million gastropods are collected each year for the marine ornamental trade to graze on algae detrimental to aquarium species, however, little is known about popular species' suitability to perform this clean-up crew role. Three commonly traded gastropods, Turbo bruneus, Tectus fenestratus, and Tegula eiseni were assessed on their performance. Their survival was quantified as was their movement, and positioning with respect to water level and growth rates were calculated from the start and end weights. Nitrocellulose-coated slides were impregnated with an algal extract and the amount of grazing by each species was also compared. After 53 days final mortality levels of species were significantly different with all T. bruneus individuals surviving, whilst all T. fenestratus individuals apart from two and 35% of the T. eiseni had died by the end of the experiment. T. bruneus grazed significantly more than individuals of T. eiseni, and T. fenestratus. Both T. bruneus and T. eiseni were heavier after one month with T. bruneus gaining significantly more weight than T. eiseni. Greater percentages of algae were grazed by T. bruneus of increasing weight, although this relationship was not found for T. eiseni and T. fenestratus. All three species were generally active and remained within the water for the vast majority of time, although a small, but significant amount of time was spent out of the water for T. eiseni. T. fenestratus were significantly less active than T. bruneus, although the mean activity of T. eiseni was not significantly different from either species. T. bruneus out performs the other two species as a cleaning organism especially in the context of fluctuating water quality, thus highlighting the varying suitability of organisms for this task. Preference in the ornamental trade should be given to T. bruneus over the other topshells, but accurate species identification is critical

'At Home in the World': Robert Louis Stevenson's global literary networks

The peripatetic career of Robert Louis Stevenson has long been a subject of interest for scholars, with interest growing even since the conception of this study. Various Stevenson scholars have also noted the author’s exploration of globalization and modernity, as it manifested in the late nineteenth century. This thesis will link these two areas of interest to explore Stevenson’s engagement with the growing mobility of the late nineteenth century. Considering his lesser-known works, many of which have received little critical attention, this study will further distinguish itself from previous work on the subject by adopting a literary geographical approach; in particular I am reading Stevenson’s works through the cultural geographical concept of mobility. Examining his European, American and Pacific travel writing, as well as the little-known novel The Wrecker, I argue that Stevenson is acutely aware of and interested in the growing and changing mobility of the time, exploring in his literary works the developments in transport driving this increased movement of people, and considering the effects on the people and places he encounters. In the final chapter I argue that The Wrecker is the culmination of Stevenson’s varied experiences overseas, where he reflects not on the changes of place, but on how the developments in mobility have altered the nature of time and space in an increasingly connected world system. This concern with mobility is of course linked to his own itinerancy. As arguably the first ‘global’ author, Stevenson wrote and published from America and the Pacific, employing the very networks of transport and communication he writes about to enable his cross-continental publishing practices. Responding to calls to widen the scope of such studies, I extend the literary geographical approach with extensive use of Stevenson’s correspondence and that of his literary network. Alongside textual analysis, I will examine the production geographies and histories of his works, considering not only the influence of Stevenson’s itinerancy on the literary content, but also on the production and eventual reception of his writing. I argue that this complementary, combined approach allows for greater insight into Stevenson life and works, that the ideas and meanings in these texts are intimately bound up with their geographic histories of production. The overarching aim of this thesis, then, is to examine the mobility inherent in Stevenson’s works, considering both the spaces of the texts and the texts, themselves, in space

Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM):Guidance on Validation of the Operational Criteria for the Diagnosis of Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Adults

Background The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) created a consensus-based framework consisting of phenotypic and etiologic criteria to record the occurrence of malnutrition in adults. This is a minimum set of practicable indicators for use in characterizing a patient/client as malnourished, considering the global variations in screening and nutrition assessment, and to be used across different healthcare settings. As with other consensus-based frameworks for diagnosing disease states, these operational criteria require validation and reliability testing, as they are currently based solely on expert opinion. Methods Several forms of validation and reliability are reviewed in the context of GLIM, providing guidance on how to conduct retrospective and prospective studies for criterion and construct validity. Results There are some aspects of GLIM that require refinement; research using large databases can be employed to reach this goal. Machine learning is also introduced as a potential method to support identification of the best cut points and combinations of indicators for use with the different forms of malnutrition, which the GLIM criteria were created to denote. It is noted as well that validation and reliability testing need to occur in a variety of sectors and populations and with diverse persons using GLIM criteria. Conclusion The guidance presented supports the conduct and publication of quality validation and reliability studies for GLIM

Imagining Gendered Adulthood

In this article, the authors draw on two qualitative, longitudinal studies of young people’s transitions to adulthood and how they construct these transitions over time in social, cultural and material terms. The authors focus on the hopes, anxieties and imagined futures of young women. They discuss the individualization thesis, and the contradiction for female individualization between expectations of equality and the reality of inequality between the genders. The debate is moved beyond ‘pitiful girls’ and ‘can-do girls’ by exploring how young women in the UK and Finland anticipate and try to avoid being locked into the lives of adult women

Training of Instrumentalists and Development of New Technologies on SOFIA

This white paper is submitted to the Astronomy and Astrophysics 2010 Decadal Survey (Astro2010)1 Committee on the State of the Profession to emphasize the potential of the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) to contribute to the training of instrumentalists and observers, and to related technology developments. This potential goes beyond the primary mission of SOFIA, which is to carry out unique, high priority astronomical research. SOFIA is a Boeing 747SP aircraft with a 2.5 meter telescope. It will enable astronomical observations anywhere, any time, and at most wavelengths between 0.3 microns and 1.6 mm not accessible from ground-based observatories. These attributes, accruing from the mobility and flight altitude of SOFIA, guarantee a wealth of scientific return. Its instrument teams (nine in the first generation) and guest investigators will do suborbital astronomy in a shirt-sleeve environment. The project will invest $10M per year in science instrument development over a lifetime of 20 years. This, frequent flight opportunities, and operation that enables rapid changes of science instruments and hands-on in-flight access to the instruments, assure a unique and extensive potential - both for training young instrumentalists and for encouraging and deploying nascent technologies. Novel instruments covering optical, infrared, and submillimeter bands can be developed for and tested on SOFIA by their developers (including apprentices) for their own observations and for those of guest observers, to validate technologies and maximize observational effectiveness.Comment: 10 pages, no figures, White Paper for Astro 2010 Survey Committee on State of the Professio

FLIM FRET Technology for Drug Discovery: Automated Multiwell-Plate High-Content Analysis, Multiplexed Readouts and Application in Situ**

A fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) technology platform intended to read out changes in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) efficiency is presented for the study of protein interactions across the drug-discovery pipeline. FLIM provides a robust, inherently ratiometric imaging modality for drug discovery that could allow the same sensor constructs to be translated from automated cell-based assays through small transparent organisms such as zebrafish to mammals. To this end, an automated FLIM multiwell-plate reader is described for high content analysis of fixed and live cells, tomographic FLIM in zebrafish and FLIM FRET of live cells via confocal endomicroscopy. For cell-based assays, an exemplar application reading out protein aggregation using FLIM FRET is presented, and the potential for multiple simultaneous FLIM (FRET) readouts in microscopy is illustrated

Human-animal elision: a Darwinian universe in George Eliot’s novels

No abstract available