1,169 research outputs found
Representing crime: the media and public criminology in the post-Leveson era
The political fallout post-Leveson has led to the press needing to re-evaluate some of its methods of reporting issues deemed to be ‘in the public interest’. As a part of the Leveson Inquiry, the Howard League made a submission in which it was suggested that the media, and in particular the printed press, are fuelling public outrage at the supposed ‘softness’ of prison, and downplaying the role that community sentencing can play in reducing overall levels of re-offending. This poster presents findings from a recent study that demonstrates that the printed news media’s misrepresentation of criminal justice issues is not confined to the debate about whether ‘prison works’, but rather extends to representations of the prevalence of different crime types. A nine times over-representation of sexual crime was found, along with an almost two-and-a-half times over representation of violent crime, whilst acquisitive crime – the type of offending most prevalent within the UK – was found to be under-represented within British press reports by four-and-a-half times. These findings are considered within the context of linguistically hostile press articles (particularly about sexual crime) as a potential block to engaging the public in informed debate about offending and crime reduction. Opportunities for more representative press reporting are identified, as are the implications of not acting on such a disparity between press reports and the realities of crime in the UK
Addressing attitudes and challenging stereotypes: preparing students for careers in applied psychology
Undergraduate psychologists are among the most likely group to move into therapeutic roles relating to sex offender rehabilitation. A positive attitude and good working knowledge about characteristics of sex offenders improves the therapeutic alliance between psychologist and offender, which is a factor cited as potentially increasing the likelihood of treatment success (Craig, 2005; Timimi 2009). With this in mind, and Given the range of psychology courses now offered by British universities, it was considered important to examine the contributions of different specialities in the breaking down of stereotypical thinking and encouragement of positive attitudes toward stigmatised populations. Establishing success of undergraduate psychology programmes in addressing stereotypical thinking is important for developing courses that produce high-quality psychologists for professional practice in their subsequent careers
Mental illness in prisons: true diagnosis or social control?
The poster (presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Mental Health Research Network 2013) questions the validity of certain mental health diagnoses within forensic settings
Transforming rehabilitation and the creeping marketisation of British public services
This piece addresses issues pertaining to the privatisation of probation services and the 'Transforming Rehabilitation' agenda. I argue here that all of British public services are currently subject to a vreeping marketisation, aimed at reducing central Government expenditure. However, singling out probation services for this type of treatment may be short-sighted given its successes relative to other aspects of the justice system
In pursuit of the beast: undergraduate attitudes towards sex offenders and implications for society, rehabilitation and British psychology education
Positive attitudes toward sex offenders can lead to favourable treatment outcomes and with psychology students being among the most likely graduates to move into offender rehabilitation, it is important to investigate the attitudes of this group. Students from British psychology and non-psychology courses read vignettes depicting an adult and a juvenile committing a contact sexual offence on a child, and completed modified versions of the attitudes towards sex offenders [ATS] questionnaire. The adult offender was viewed significantly more punitively than the juvenile offender, but no significant differences were found between subgroups of participants. It was concluded that undergraduate psychology degrees do not go far enough to address some of the stigmatised views held by the general population towards sex offenders. Implications for media reporting, recidivism and psychology education are discussed
The Perceptions of Sex Offenders (PSO) scale: full scale and scoring manual
This document provides the full item list of the Perceptions of Sex Offenders (PSO) scale, along with scoring instructions
Representations of sexual offending: the British press, public attitudes and desistance from crime
The relationships between the media, public attitudes and crime are complex. There is some evidence to suggest that public interaction with press reports about sexual crime may have some effect on wider societal attitudes. With this in mind, 543 articles from eight of the ten most-read British national newspapers were examined in terms of (a) their representativeness about crime rates, and (b) their linguistic properties. A control sample of articles about immigrant groups was included in this analysis in order to establish how offender populations were described in comparison to another negatively-stereotyped population.
Key results include a nine- and two-and-a-half-times over-representation of sexual and violent crime, respectively, and a four-and-a-half-times under-representation of acquisitive crime within press articles compared to official crime statistics. Linguistically, sexual crime articles comprised angrier and more emotionally negative tones than stories on violent crime, acquisitive crime, and immigrant groups, respectively, and this trend was observed in both tabloid and broadsheet newspapers. An analysis of the headlines of sexual crime articles found clear differences between tabloids and broadsheets with regard to the descriptors of those perpetrating sexual crimes.
These findings are analysed within the social, political, and legal contexts of news reporting, with cognitive dissonance theory being offered as one social psychological framework for understanding the purpose of sexual crime reporting. The implications of such misrepresentative news reporting on sex offender reintegration and desistance from crime are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are suggested
PB 1769 A Guide to Successful Wildlife Food Plots Blending Science with Common Sense
Planting food plots is by far the most popular habitat management practice among landowners wanting to enhance wildlife habitat. NOTE: Hard copies of this publication are currently unavailable.
A newer version of this title is available: https://extension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1874.pdf
PB1633 Improving Your Backyard Wildlife Habitat
Information on wildlife needs, management concepts, a discussion of which trees and shrubs to plant, benefits of landscaping for wildlife, how to provide shelter, and tips on attracting and feeding birds
The measurement of meaning in personality research
The first study reported in this dissertation represented an
attempt to test the validity of an assumed isomorphism between
meaning as a representational mediating process and meaning as
defined by co-ordinate points derived from Semantic Differential
ratings and plotted in the Semantic Space- It was hypothesized
that if this isomorphism were valid, Semantic Differential ratings
of concepts would be subject to the influence of mediated generalization. The results of this study were positive and are interpreted as
constituting partial support for the isomorphism. It is important to
note that the observed mediated generalization does not constitute
proof that meaning is in fact a representational mediating process. In
this respect, the safest conclusion that can be drawn is that differences
and similarities in meaning as defined by Semantic Differential performance appear to be valid indices of certain internal determinants
of behaviour. Furthermore, the inter-relationships of meanings
revealed in the Semantic Space appear to reflect the organization of
these determinants within the individual.The second and third studies revealed that the factors of neurosis
(or neuroticism) and introversion are associated with fairly distinctive patterns of meaning as measured by the Semantic Differential scales.
Borrowing from the findings of the first study it was hypothesized
that ambivalent reactions to positively-valued concepts would produce
shorter concept-origin distances in the Semantic Differential protocols
of neuotics than in those of normals. This hypothesis was supported
in both the second and third studies. The third study also suggested
that introverts tend to produce shorter concept-origin distances than
do normals.From all of the studies reported, it is possible to draw a
number of general conclusions concerning the use of the Semantic
Differential in personality research:
1. The Semantic Differential appears to be a valid index
of connotative meaning.
2. The Semantic Differential scales appear to have fairly
stable dimensional characteristics over time and subjects. Since
there is some possibility that these characteristics are partly a
function of the particular concepts rated, it would be necessary to
factorize scales where the degree of concept-scale interaction is
unknown.
3. The Semantic Differential appears to have considerable
promise as a research tool in comparative studies of different clinical
groups.In each of the studies reported, there arose problems that
have implications for both the theoretical and research aspects of
Osgood's approach to meaning. In this, the concluding section of
the dissertation, it is possible to review these problems in the
light of the findings taken as a whole, and to suggest solutions that
might be tested in subsequent investigations.The major and recurring difficulty concerns the social desirability factor in Semantic Differential performance. In the first
study, although it was argued that the findings could not be satisfactorily
explained in terms of social desirability, the discussion centred on
the post-treatment analysis. No reference was made to the possibility
that the pre-treatment performance of both the control and experimental
groups could have been influenced by a desire to reflect the socially
accepted meanings of the concepts that formed the subject of the
investigation. From the subsequent studies, however, it became evident
that in simple comparative investigations in which no experimental
treatment was introduced, social desirability constituted a possible
source of variance. It will be recalled that an examination of the
cluster characteristics and the concept-origin distances of the
various groups indicated that if in fact the factor of social desirability did influence scale ratings, then its influence was largely
restricted to the performance of extraverts. This suggests that
research should be carried out to test this hypothesis. If the
hypothesis is supported, it might be of value to repeat the first
investigation but restricting the sample to introverts. Alternatively,
both extraverts and introverts could be employed if a suitable design
were developed (for example, analysis of covariance).These suggestions ignore, of course, the challenge posed by
the hypothesized existence of the social desirability factor for
Osgood's approach to meaning. Before passing to a discussion of
the second problem arising from these investigations, therefore,
some consideration should be given to this issue.Perhaps the simplest way of handling socially desirable
responses within the framework of Osgood's theory of learning is to
treat them as attempts to reduce anxiety produced by ambivalence
of connotative meaning. Let us assume that the individual is
asked to say what a concept means to him. If this concept has
been previously associated with significates that gave rise to
responses of both approach and avoidance, ambivalence of meaning
will be present. The co-existence of reciprocally antagonistic
meanings would normally mediate, as was suggested in Studies II
and III, a response that constituted a compromise between the
responses that might be mediated by the respective meanings considered
singly. However, if we assume that the individual has either been
punished, or has not been reinforced for producing compromises in
the past, we would predict that this kind of response would be
suppressed, and one of the two responses forming the initial basis
of the conflict would be elicited. Reinforcement of the response
would strengthen the probability of its occurrence. Now since the
constitution of reinforcing agencies (in the shape of people) is
subject to variation it would be expected that the major determinant
of any of the alternative responses (extreme or compromise) would
be the social context in which the concept is presented. This
leads to the prediction that the detection of a socially desirable
response to a concept would be facilitated by manipulating the
situational variables.There is nothing in this analysis to suggest that a
socially desirable response is a response that does not reflect
a "true" meaning of a concept for the individual. The analysis
implies rather that a socially desirable response is one of a number
of alternative responses elecited by a concept, and what is involved
here is not a sin of commission but one of omission.The second problem arising from the investigation concerns
the use of personality tests for the purpose of obtaining clinically
differentiated groups. A review of the findings of Studies II and
III reveals that comparisons of Semantic Differential performance across
groups are of limited value when differentiating criteria (in this
case, the Rorschach and the Maudsley Personality Inventory) do not
correlate highly. This problem is, of course, as old as the history
of personality test development, and there is still no evidence of
an imminent solution. Related to this issue is that posed by the
Foulds and Caine studies cited earlier, namely, the behavioural
variability of individuals assigned to a given personality type on
the basis of test performance. It is obvious that if test-designated
dysthymics behave either like dysthyraics or hysterics, there is
something wrong either with the test or with the behavioural analysis.In the light of this problem, it is suggested that in comparative
investigations of Semantic Differential performance, both test and
symptom-clusters should be employed as the bases for group differentiation.
In this respect, there need not necessarily be any close degree of
agreement between behavioural analysis and clinical designation by
personality test. Furthermore it is not outwith the bounds of
possibility that the development of a suitable form of the Semantic
Differential may serve not merely as a dependent variable, but also
as an important independent variable in establishing distinctive
clinical groups. It may very well be that this technique may serve
to discriminate between individuals whose sympton-clusters correspond
to their personality types and those in whom such correspondence is
absent.If further research continues to support the validity of the
Semantic Differential as a quantitative measure of connotative meaning, this instrument should prove to have considerable value in clinical work. The principal advantage lies in the fact that the psychologist
may explore the meaning of any area in the life of the patient or
client without relying exclusively on his own subjective impressions.
It is obvious, of course, that through the operation of a reaction
formation or some other defence-mechanism, the patient may give mis¬
leading responses. This suggests that precautions should be taken to
include scales whose meanings are not obvious but which correlate
highly with those scales that might cue defensive reactions
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