Expression Level of Sh2 and Bt2 Genes in Some Advanced Corn Lines Under Tropical Environment

The rate-limiting step in starch synthesis entails the synthesis of ADP-Glc from Glc-1-P and ATP by AGPase. AGPase is a heterotetramer composed of two large subunits encoded by Sh2 and two small subunits encoded by Bt2. We examined the transcript level of each gene that encodes AGPase through quantitative real-time PCR (qRT_PCR) within endosperm and leaf tissues from 6 newer composite corn lines. The Sh2 and Bt2 genes presented upregulated expression levels in leaf and endosperm tissue. The highest expression level of these two genes in leaf tissues was observed in UM 1 with 6.96 fold and in UM 11 with 3.94 fold respectively. Meanwhile, the highest transcript level of Sh2 and Bt2 genes in endosperm tissues were observed in UM 2 with 5.96 fold and UM 1 with 7.36 fold respectively. The correlation coefficient between the expression levels of the Sh2 gene and the morphological traits in endosperm tissue indicated that it was significantly and positively correlated with ear length (0.75), ear weight (0.74) and yield (0.66). Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient results indicate that the expression level of Bt2 in endosperm tissue was significantly and positively correlated with1000 kernel weight (0.93), yield (0.90), ear weight (0.87) and ear length (0.87). In conclusion, via cross transformation approaches, two main yield-related genes (Sh2 and Bt2) were modified in the new advanced corn lines. Overexpression of Sh2 and Bt2 genes can increase the starch content through enhancing the activity of AGPase and subsequently the yield enhancement occurred

Multiresolution discrete finite difference masks for rapid solution approximation of the Poisson's equation

YesThe Poisson's equation is an essential entity of applied mathematics for modelling many phenomena of importance. They include the theory of gravitation, electromagnetism, fluid flows and geometric design. In this regard, finding efficient solution methods for the Poisson's equation is a significant problem that requires addressing. In this paper, we show how it is possible to generate approximate solutions of the Poisson's equation subject to various boundary conditions. We make use of the discrete finite difference operator, which, in many ways, is similar to the standard finite difference method for numerically solving partial differential equations. Our approach is based upon the Laplacian averaging operator which, as we show, can be elegantly applied over many folds in a computationally efficient manner to obtain a close approximation to the solution of the equation at hand. We compare our method by way of examples with the solutions arising from the analytic variants as well as the numerical variants of the Poisson's equation subject to a given set of boundary conditions. Thus, we show that our method, though simple to implement yet computationally very efficient, is powerful enough to generate approximate solutions of the Poisson's equation.Supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Programme H2020-MSCA-RISE-2017, under the project PDE-GIR with grant number 778035

Effect of Rake Angle on Stress, Strain and Temperature on the Edge of Carbide Cutting Tool in Orthogonal Cutting Using FEM Simulation

Demand for higher productivity and good quality for machining parts has encourage many researchers to study the effects of machining parameters using FEM simulation using either two or three dimensions version. These are due to advantages such as software package and computational times are required. Experimental work is very costly, time consuming and labor intensive. The present work aims to simulate a three-dimensional orthogonal cutting operations using FEM software (deform-3D) to study the effects of rake angle on the cutting force, effective stress, strain and temperature on the edge of carbide cutting tool. There were seven runs of simulations. All simulations were performed for various rake angles of -15 deg, -10 deg, -5 deg, 0 deg, +5 deg, +10 deg, and +15 deg. The cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut (DOC) were kept constant at 100 m/min, 0.35 mm/rev and 0.3 mm respectively. The work piece used was ductile cast iron FCD500 grade and the cutting tool was DNMA432 series (tungsten, uncoated carbide tool, SCEA = 0; and radius angle 55 deg). The analysis of results show that, the increase in the rake angle from negative to positive angle, causing the decrease in cutting force, effective stress and total Von Misses strain. The minimum of the cutting force, effective stress and total Von Misses strain were obtained at rake angle of +15 deg. Increasing the rake caused higher temperature generated on the edge of carbide cutting tool and resulted in bigger contact area between the clearance face and the workpiece, consequently caused more friction and wear. The biggest deformation was occurred in the primary deformation zone, followed by the secondary deformation zone. The highest stress was also occurred in the primary deformation zone. But the highest temperature on the chip usually occurs in secondary deformation zone, especially in the sliding region, because the heat that was generated in the sticking region increased as the workpiece was adhered by the tool and later it was sheared in high frictional force.

Kritik Sosial dalam Pasar Pengalaman oleh T. Alias Taib

Kajian ini merupakan satu analisis tentang kritik sosial yang dipaparkan oleh T. Alias Taib dalam kumpulan puisi beliau, iaitu Pasar Pengalaman yang diterbitkan oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka pada tahun 2004. Objektif kajian ini ialah menganalisis sajak-sajak, membincang atau menghuraikan pengungkapan kritik sosial yang digarap oleh T. Alias Taib. Sajak-sajaknya disaring dari kumpulan puisi berkenaan dan sajak yang paling dominan kritik sosialnya dinyatakan dalam kajian ini. Kritik sosial yang dipaparkan melalui puisinya menampilkan kematangan T. Alias Taib memanfaatkan segala khazanah pengalaman menggambarkan perlakuan tindakan individu mahupun perkumpulan yang cenderung ke arah tindakan negatif dan perlu ke arah pembaikan atau tindakan yang lebih rasional. Penulis menggunakan kaedah kepustakaan bagi membuat analisis kajian. Penulis juga menggunakan kaedah lapangan dengan mewawancara T. Alias Taib tentang penglibatan beliau di bidang kesusasteraan sebelum beliau meninggal dunia. Penulis turut mewawancara isterinya, iaitu Puan Salmah binti Ayub untuk mendapatkan gambaran dari sudut pandangan beliau tentang T. Alias Taib. Berdasarkan penelitian sajak-sajak T. Alias Taib, didapati bahawa kritik sosial yang diungkap meliputi lima aspek. Aspek berkenaan, iaitu teguran terhadap individu mahupun kumpulan yang menyimpang dari landasan agama dan norma masyarakat. Seterusnya memperlihatkan kebijaksanaan seseorang dalam membuat pertimbangan. Aspek lain turut memperlihatkan kesedaran yang lahir dari jiwa atau dalaman diri individu. Rangsangan dalam membuat tindakan yang matang dan menganalisis isu-isu semasa merupakan aspek kritik sosial yang berikutnya. Kntikan yang dibuat menampakkan kematangan T. Alias Taib mengadun pengalaman berdasarkan pemerhatian dan pengamatannya terhadap masyarakat sekeliling. Beliau juga memperlihatkan pandangan menerusi sajak-sajak yang dihasilkan

ENHANCING THE CULTURAL IDENTITY BY USING ISLAMIC ORNAMENT IN CONTEMPORARY INTERIOR DESIGN

Islamic buildings have their unique Islamic architectural style that distinguishes its identity. These buildings show habits, traditions, and Islamic ideology. Buildings have been affected by Western art because of technological development in different parts of culture, economic, arts, and sciences. Thus, they have not any cultural identity. Islamic ornament is full of aesthetic andartistic values. It has different designs can be used whether inside or outside buildings. The study aims to investigate why designers do not use this art in contemporary buildings. The study concludes that the causes, contributed to the decline to use ornament in buildings, are lack of knowledge of this art, high financial cost, and people want modern designs. The study suggestssolutions to enhance the cultural identity as follows: teaching this art in schools and universities, awareness and educational campaigns, and reformulation of this art with a modern vision

Effect of Rake Angle on Stress, Strain and Temperature on the Edge of Carbide Cutting Tool in Orthogonal Cutting Using FEM Simulation

Demand for higher productivity and good quality for machining parts has encourage many researchers to study the effects of machining parameters using FEM simulation using either two or three dimensions version. These are due to advantages such as software package and computational times are required. Experimental work is very costly, time consuming and labor intensive. The present work aims to simulate a three-dimensional orthogonal cutting operations using FEM software (deform-3D) to study the effects of rake angle on the cutting force, effective stress, strain and temperature on the edge of carbide cutting tool. There were seven runs of simulations. All simulations were performed for various rake angles of -15 deg, -10 deg, -5 deg, 0 deg, +5 deg, +10 deg, and +15 deg. The cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut (DOC) were kept constant at 100 m/min, 0.35 mm/rev and 0.3 mm respectively. The work piece used was ductile cast iron FCD500 grade and the cutting tool was DNMA432 series (tungsten, uncoated carbide tool, SCEA = 0; and radius angle 55 deg). The analysis of results show that, the increase in the rake angle from negative to positive angle, causing the decrease in cutting force, effective stress and total Von Misses strain. The minimum of the cutting force, effective stress and total Von Misses strain were obtained at rake angle of +15 deg. Increasing the rake caused higher temperature generated on the edge of carbide cutting tool and resulted in bigger contact area between the clearance face and the workpiece, consequently caused more friction and wear. The biggest deformation was occurred in the primary deformation zone, followed by the secondary deformation zone. The highest stress was also occurred in the primary deformation zone. But the highest temperature on the chip usually occurs in secondary deformation zone, especially in the sliding region, because the heat that was generated in the sticking region increased as the workpiece was adhered by the tool and later it was sheared in high frictional force

TRIZ approach for machining process innovation in cryogenic environment

This paper presents the utilisation of TRIZ approach in machining process of AISI 4340 in cryogenic environment which lead to product improvement in turning process. The machining study is carried out in two stages; FEM simulation for finding the optimum condition and machining experiment to visualise the product improvement that involved plastic deformation. The simulation result revealed that at moderate to high cutting speed, high feed rate and high depth of cut will result in high temperature that enable for the change in phase of AISI 4340 from retained austenite to fully martensite. A sample from machining experiment at optimum cutting condition found that the microstructure changes beneath the machined until at the depth of ∼7 μm with high hardness to 8,500 N/mm2 Martens hardness at the machined surface. This hardness is equivalent to the hardness obtained in conventional case hardening process that is required after the machining of AISI 4340 in their application as automotive engine parts in order to enhance these parts in their service lives. This study reveals that the TRIZ approach helps to systematically analyse the various outcomes in this study started with process limitation, problem identification, axiomatic and Su-field analysis