2,206 research outputs found
Photon-Photon Collisions with SuperChic
The SuperChic Monte Carlo generator provides a common platform for
QCD-mediated, photoproduction and photon-induced Central Exclusive Production
(CEP), with a fully differential treatment of soft survival effects. In these
proceedings we summarise the processes generated, before discussing in more
detail those due to photon-photon collisions, paying special attention to the
correct treatment of the survival factor. We briefly consider the
light-by-light scattering process as an example, before discussing planned
extensions and refinements for the generator.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figures. Submitted to proceedings of the PHOTON 2017
conferenc
Surface and Thin Film Analysis of Microelectronics Materials
The use of probing techniques in the analysis of microelectronics materials is discussed in general and several examples are presented to illustrate the use of these techniques. The emphasis of this paper is for using electrons as the probing particles and both electrons and x-rays as the analyzed particles to deal with analysis of microelectronics materials. The first example involves the interaction of titanium and silicon dioxide. It is shown that when titanium is sputter deposited onto silicon dioxide, the titanium reduces a small amount of the oxide to elemental silicon at the interface. The second example shows how a thin oxide is converted to an oxynitride when silicon nitride is deposited on top of it. The last two examples involve failure analysis of microelectronics devices. We show that a simple ratio technique can be used to quickly estimate the thickness of a carbonaceous layer on aluminum bond pads
Graphic design as urban design: towards a theory for analysing graphic objects in urban environments
This thesis presents a model for analysing the graphic object as urban object, by
considering atypical fields of discourse that contribute to the formation of the
object domain. The question: what is graphic design as urban design? directs
the research through an epistemological design study comprising: an
interrogation of graphic design studio practice and the articulation of graphic
design research questions; a review and subsequent development of research
strategy, design and method towards the articulation of methodology that reflects
the nature of the inquiry; a detailed analysis of five different ways to study and
research graphic design as urban design, in geography, language, visual
communication, art and design, and urban design. The outcome of the
investigation is a model that enables future research in the urban environment to
benefit from micro-meso-macrographic analysis.
The model endeavours to provide a way to evaluate, design and enhance âpublic
places and urban spacesâ (Carmona et al., 2010) by considering different scales of
symbolic thought and deed. This has been achieved by acknowledging the
relationship between the relatively miniscule detail of graphic symbolism, the
point at which this becomes visible through increased scale, and the instances
when it dominates the urban realm. Examples are considered that show
differences between, for example, the size and spacing of letter shapes on a
pedestrian sign, compared to the âvisualâ impact of an iconic building in the
cityscape. In between is a myriad of graphic elements that are experienced and
designed by many different professional disciplines and occupations. These are
evidenced and explained.
Throughout the study an indiscriminating literature review is interwoven with
the text, accompanied by tabular information, and visual data in the form of
photographs and diagrams. This is mainly research-driven data utilising
photographs from fieldwork in Brazil, Canada, Hong Kong, Italy, Portugal, South
Korea, United Kingdom, and United States of America. The methodology
integrates a transdisciplinary adaptive theory approach derived from sociological
research, with graphic method (utilising a wider scope of visual data usually
associated with graph theory). The following images provide sixteen examples of
artefacts representing the graphic object as urban object phenomenon
Aligning assessment, feedback and action planning for international students
What language should feature in assessment criteria for international students? How do students reflect on assessment feedback to allow the creation of effective action plans for future learning? Have universities adjusted their assessment methods sufficiently to match the increased demand for studying abroad? What can art and design contribute to these issues? These are some of the questions this paper seeks to address by reporting on recent pedagogic research at the School of the Arts, Loughborough University, in the United Kingdom. Language use is at the heart of this, and yet, it has been overlooked as an essential tool that links assessment, feedback, and action planning for international students. The paper reveals existing and new data that builds on research since 2009, aimed at improving studentsâ assessment literacy
Towards an integrated pedagogy of graphics in the United Kingdom
In this discussion paper, graphic design, graphic science and graphic art are acknowledged, substantiating the need for benefits associated with a wider perspective on how students learn graphics in the United Kingdom. A case is presented for the adoption of a single word descriptor (compared to the many variants that have developed in the higher education sector) by discussing: the historical development of art and design in the United Kingdom; the widespread use of the term graphics; an emphasis on research neglect in a field that has diversified and expanded to become one of the largest groups of students in an enlarged university sector; a lack of national professional representation that has neglected the opportunity to link practice, pedagogy and research in a growing field. The inquiry begins with an overview, of the historical context, before an exploration into the recent expansion of a category of closely related words that originate from the same etymological source. Finally, consideration is given to the scope of influences that may form the basis of research into graphic method as a logical development of first-order design principles. The paper calls for renewed efforts, by graphics educators in the UK, to establish their own professional body to consolidate shared interest in graphics pedagogy between disciplinary perspectives
The dimensions of graphic design and its spheres of influence
This paper further expands on the concern about how we depict
graphic design to explain its relationships (both âinternalâ and
âexternalâ) for the purposes of education, research, and practice.
The initial development of this concern led to the identification of
what has been described as the critical dimensions of graphic design,
and this inquiry has required the analysis and proposed redefinition
of the subjectâs plural domains. The attempt to depict these critical
dimensions, or domains, benefitted from a diagrammatic modeling
exercise, discussed formally in 20071 after having first been outlined
a year earlier.2 This exercise demonstrated how the traditional
definitions, from which the subject emerged and with which it
became identified in the first half of the twentieth century, could
be represented in diagrammatic form, creating a contemporary
interpretation of the subject. The present author has used the visual
method of diagrams as a form of rational inquiry to illustrate the shift
from traditional to contemporary ways of thinking about the graphic
design (Figure 1). The traditional interpretation of graphic design in
diagrammatic form by this author, seen on the left, owes much to the
way urban design is shown, by Jon Lang in 2005, to have emerged
from the overlap between architecture, landscape architecture, city
planning and civil engineering.3 Whereas the contemporary model
seen on the right evolved from numerous attempts by this present
author since 2001 to use diagrams as an effective tool for teaching
graphic design to students within and without the subject
Graphic objects and their contribution to the image of the city
This paper explores the relationship between graphic objects and urban environments by adopting a critical stance towards the notion of image in the image of the city. It challenges the emphasis on image as a multi-sensory mental construct by revealing it to have different meanings in diverse disciplinary contexts. In exposing how a miscellaneous range of objects cited in the literature lacks cohesion and sense of function, the urban graphic object is introduced and illustrated as a pervasive epistemic phenomenon. Understanding urban graphic objects expands established ideas about legibility and how urban objects have intended and unintended graphic properties. Through considering the function of graphic communication within the function of cities and urban places, the paper introduces a framework for considering graphic design as urban design and graphic objects as urban objects
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