Proliferation Marker (Ki67) in Sub-Categorization of Neuroendocrine Tumours of the Lung

Objective: The 2015 WHO classification classifies neuroendocrine tumours (NET) of the lung into typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell carcinoma based on morphology alone. Mitosis is the major parameter for this classification, and thus several studies have focused on the role of Ki67 in these tumours but without conclusive results. The aim of the study was to categorize neuroendocrine tumours of the lung based on morphology and to assess the utility of Ki67 in diagnosis. Material and Method: The study included 42 cases (23 biopsies and 19 lobectomy specimens) of neuroendocrine tumours (excluding small cell carcinoma). Haematoxylin & eosin stained sections, immunohistochemistry for neuroendocrine markers and Ki67 were studied. Results: Based on WHO criteria, cases were classified as typical carcinoids (83.3%), atypical carcinoids (12%) and large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (4.7%). The Ki67 index ranged between 1%-10% (mean 2.6%), 10%-30% (mean 19%), 35%-50% (mean 42.5%) in typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma respectively. Using the ROC curve, the cut off value of Ki67 for typical and atypical carcinoids was 7.5% (P value0.05). Conclusion: Morphological features are the gold standard for subtyping of neuroendocrine tumours. Ki-67 is a potentially meaningful marker for sub-categorization of lung NETs, especially in small biopsies. However, the size and infiltrative pattern of the tumours are independent of the proliferation index

Evaluation of coronary arteries in congenital heart disease in children : diagnostic comparison of electrocardiogram-gated and non-electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography cardiac angiograpy

Purpose: To compare the visualization and anatomy of coronary arteries in children (≤ 2 years) with congenital heart disease (CHD) on non-electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated and ECG-gated computed tomography angiography (CTA). Material and methods: In this retrospective study, approved by the Ethics Committee of our institute, evaluation of coronary arteries in CHD was performed in 40 children on non-ECG-gated CTA and in 42 children on ECG-gated CTA. The origin and course of the right coronary artery (RCA), left main coronary artery (LMCA), left anterior descending (LAD) artery, and left circumflex (LCX) artery were evaluated by 2 paediatric radiologists independently. Results: ECG-gated CT scans yielded increased (additional) visualization of all the coronary arteries, when compared to non-ECG-gated CT scans. The RCA, LMCA, LAD artery, and LCX artery were visualized in 47.5%, 62.5%, 55%, and 32.5% of children, respectively, on non-ECG-gated studies, while they were visualized in 64.3%, 92.8%, 80.9%, and 62% children, respectively, on ECG-gated studies. The coronary artery anatomical variations were also supplementarily detected more in the ECG-gated group (23.8%) than in the non-ECG gated group (2.5%). Conclusions: ECG-gated CT cardiac angiography studies yield enhanced diagnostic outcomes for the evaluation of the coronary arteries in comparison to non-ECG-gated studies

Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Glaucoma Patient

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a patient with glaucoma is a challenge. The glaucomatous eye is at risk during CPB. We report a case of ostium secundum atrial septal defect that was not amenable to device closure. The unique feature in the patient was the presence of congenital glaucoma. She was blind in the left eye, and the visual acuity in the other eye was decreased because of glaucoma. She underwent direct closure of the atrial septal defect under CPB and fibrillatory arrest, with intraoperative monitoring of intraocular pressure. There was no change in visual acuity after 1 year of follow-up

Role of transesophageal echocardiography in surgical retrieval of embolized amplatzer device and closure of coronary–cameral fistula

Congenital coronary artery fistula is an uncommon anomaly. Transcatheter coil embolization or Amplatzer vascular plug device closure of fistula is often done in symptomatic patients with safe accessibility to the feeding coronary artery. Embolization of Amplatzer vascular plug device is rare. We report an 11-year-old male child who presented to us with increasing shortness of breath for 7 years. He had a history of Amplatzer vascular plug device closure of right coronary–cameral fistula 8 years back. Echocardiography demonstrated a dilated aneurysmal right coronary artery with turbulent jet entering into the right ventricle (RV) and device embolized into the left pulmonary artery (LPA). Cardiac catheterization eventually confirmed the diagnosis. Surgical closure of fistula and retrieval of device was done using cardiopulmonary bypass. Intraoperatively transesophageal echocardiogram helped in localizing fistula opening in the RV below the anterior leaflet of tricuspid valve, continuous monitoring to prevent further distal embolization of the device during surgical handling, and assessment of completeness of repair of the fistula and LPA following retrieval of the device

Experience of the first lung transplantation performed in public sector in India

Lung transplantation is the only modality that offers a long-term solution for end-stage lung diseases. Few centers in India have an active lung transplant program. Preoperative and postoperative considerations in lung transplantation may be different in the developing countries when compared to the developed world. In the early posttransplant period, infection could be the major consideration in developing countries, unlike graft rejection, that is usually the primary concern in the developed world. Herein, we report the first lung transplantation from a public sector hospital in India. The patient was a 33-year-old female, who underwent bilateral lung transplantation at our center, but succumbed to surgical and infectious complications in the early posttransplant period