Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Screening of Substituted Benzimidazole

Synthesis of benzimidazole was done from the condensation of O-phenylenediamine and phthalic acid. Benzohydrazide benzimidazole was synthesized by the substitution of hydrazine compounds at 2nd position benzoic acid of benzimidazole followed by the mannich formation at 1st position of benzimidazole. Characterization of compounds were studied by its physical, chemical properties and the spectral interpretation by IR, NMR and Mass spectrums. Substituted Benzimidazoles were subjected to pharmacological screening of analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. It was concluded that from the synthesized substituted benzimidazoles, most of the compounds shows better response to targeted studies. Further this study may be continued for further substitution to make new moieties and will be focused to study the pharmacological screening like anti-microbial, diabetic activities

Association between elevated serum uric acid levels and islet beta cell function indices in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus-a one year cross sectional study at tertiary care center

Background: Serum uric acid (SUA) has been reported as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Even though various studies concluded that SUA plays an essential role in DM onset, association between SUA and pancreatic islet β cell function and the effect of gender and body mass index (BMI) on it in is still unclear. Methods: A hospital based one-year cross-sectional study was conducted and required data was collected from 76 patient who were newly diagnosed T2DM. All patients were investigated for SUA, and homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated using the HOMA2 calculator. Results: Mean SUA level among the males was 4.65±1.81 mg/dl and among the females was 4.31±1.94 mg/dl. β pancreatic cell function index was estimated using HOMA-IR. Mean HOMA-IR level among the male study population was 5.01±7.44 and 5.02±4.63 among the females. A positive and significant correlation was observed between SUA and HOMA-IR (r=0.2283, p=0.0489) at 5% level, and was more pronounced among the female population (r=0.5127, p=0.0175). Correlation between HOMA-IR and BMI was found to be positive and significant (r=0.4948, p=0.0001). On plotting multiple regression analysis, coefficient of determination (R²) was 0.8374 (p<0.05), indicating significant contribution of all variables when combined towards HOMA-IR. Conclusions: Present study demonstrates that SUA harbours a positive and significant correlation with pancreatic islet β cell function index among newly diagnosed T2DM patients and is influenced by gender and BMI.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE POTENTIAL OF BALANITES ROXBURGHII FRUITS

ABSTRACTObjectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective potential of a hydroalcoholic extract ofBalanites roxburghii (BR) fruits.Methods: Extraction was performed by triple maceration using ethanol:water as a solvent. The extracts were vaporated using rotavapor. Thenantioxidant capacities were tested using superoxide, hydroxyl, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals. Determination of hepatoprotectivemodel was performed by thiocetamide induced liver models.Results: The hydroalcoholic extract of BR fruits produced a dose-dependent percentage inhibition on tested free radicals, i.e., superoxide anion(50% inhibition concentrations [IC50] value 190.50 μg/ml), hydroxyl radical (IC50 value 266.30 μg/ml), and DPPH radical (IC50 value 175 μg/ml). Aftertreatment with silymarin and hydroalcoholic extract of BR in respective groups, they had showed good protection against thioacetamide induced livertoxicity.Conclusion: The results of the present investigation clearly indicate the free radical scavenging activity and hepatoprotective potential of ahydroalcoholic extract of BR fruits and this activity is comparable with that of the standard drugs ascorbic acid and silymarin.Keywords: Balanites roxburghii, Antioxidant activity, Hepatoprotective activity, Ascorbic acid

Clinical Evaluation of Bite Force in Children and Adults with Normal Occlusion and Comparison of Normal Adult Bite Force in Individuals with Different Malocclusions

Maximum voluntary bite force was measured in 140 subjects consisting of 30 children and 110 adults. Bite force in adults was measured at the permanent first molar and first premolar region. Bite force in adults with Angle’s class I malocclusion and skeletal class II malocclusion, those with hypodivergent and hyperdivergent facial morphology was compared with those of normal occlusion. Bite force was measured in children in permanent first molar to assess the normal values and to find gender difference. • Molar bite force in adult males with normal occlusion was 650.67N and in adult females it was 543.00N and bite force measured at the first premolars in adult males was 422.933 N and in females was 349.450 N. • There was significant gender difference in adult subjects. • In children, the bite force at the permanent first molars was 191.17N with boys having a value of 199.2N and in girls it was 183.07N. • There was no gender difference in bite force in children. • Children had less bite force than adults suggesting that the maximum voluntary bite force increases during growth and development. • Bite force values in subjects with angle’s class I malocclusion and skeletal class II malocclusion compared with those of normal occlusion were not statistically significant. • The maximum voluntary bite force in hypodivergent faces was 771.50 Newtons in molar and 500.60N in premolar region. In hyperdivergent faces it was 283.85 Newtons in molar and 184.60N in premolar which expounds that low angle subjects have a higher value than high angle subjects. • Bite force was correlated with vertical facial morphology and it was observed to have a highly significant correlation with a p value of 0.001. CONCLUSION : The conclusions obtained in this study are, 1. There is significant difference in maximum voluntary bite force between children and adult measured at the permanent first molar region. 2. Children did not show any gender difference in bite force where as adults had a significant gender difference with males having a higher value than females

Evaluation of Antiamnesic Activity of Ayurvedic Formulation Saraswatha Grita in Scopolamine Induced Rat Model

Selective damage to a number of brain regions has been associated with amnesia, including a circuit comprising the hippocampus, the diencephalon and the fibers connecting them. One of the most promising approaches to treat amnesia is enhancing the acetylcholine level in the brain using acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. Classical drugs having side effects like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, decreased appetite, muscle weakness, muscle cramps, fatigue, dizziness and headache Therefore, the search for new AChE inhibitors especially from plants with less side effects has great interest. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti amnesia activity of ayurvedic formulation Saraswatha ghrita (SG)in scopolamine induced rat model. For induction of amnesia, scopalamine was injected i.p ( single dose of 2 mg/kg ) in rats .1 hr before induction various doses of SG (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) were administrated (p.0). To find out its Anti amnesic activity various behavioral studies, biochemical estimations, neurotransmitter evaluations and histopathalological studies have been performed. The results were promising like, in water maze the high dose SG treated group ( 400mg/kg ) escape latency time (6.167 ± 0.601sec) was significantly increased compared to scopolamine induced group (31.667 ± 1.174). Treatment with SG results in regains the levels of endogenous antioxidant levels to normal values. In case of acetyl cholinesterase activity SG treated group there was a significantly decrease level of acetyl cholinesterase (0.611 ±0.027) compared with scopolamine induced group (1.142 ±0.049) especially neuroprotective effect of SG was confirmed by histopathology. The inflammatory cells were absent, glial and astrocytes possess proper morphological features in SG treated group. So this study concludes the Anti amnesic activity of saraswatha gritha

ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AND ITS PHARMACOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW

It has been estimated that currently over 150 million men worldwide suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED) and by 2025, the figure will increase beyond 322 millions. ED is the inability to achieve, and/or maintain penile erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual intercourse, and was previously regarded as the part of aging. It is associated with certain diseases and life style habits with a cause-effect relationship, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and cigarette smoking. Internationally, most of the men with ED fail to pursue treatment due to the complex nature of sexuality, taboos, cultural restrictions, and acceptance of ED as a normal sequel of aging. In this review, we discussed the physiology, diagnosis, and risk factors associated with ED and current treatment strategies for ED.Keywords: Erectile dysfunction, Diabetes, Penile erection, Phosphodiesterase inhibitors

Fungal Lipase Production from Lab to Semi - pilot Scale by Solid State Fermentation

Lipases (triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) which account for up to 10% of the enzyme market are widely used in different processes of industrial importance based on their ability to catalyze both synthetic and hydrolytic reactions. Some of the industrial applications that employed the use of lipases include biofuel production, detergent formulation, fine chemical synthesis, perfumery and cosmetics, leather processing , pharm aceuticals and medical diagnostics, food and feed processing. Lipases of microbial origin have greater industrial attraction because they are available in large quantities and can be produced with high yields. Moreover, a dvances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro industrial residues for the production of lipas

Purging of silence for robust speaker identification in colossal database

The aim of this work is to develop an effective speaker recognition system under noisy environments for large data sets. The important phases involved in typical identification systems are feature extraction, training and testing. During the feature extraction phase, the speaker-specific information is processed based on the characteristics of the voice signal. Effective methods have been proposed for the silence removal in order to achieve accurate recognition under noisy environments in this work. Pitch and Pitch-strength parameters are extracted as distinct features from the input speech spectrum. Multi-linear principle component analysis (MPCA) is is utilized to minimize the complexity of the parameter matrix. Silence removal using zero crossing rate (ZCR) and endpoint detection algorithm (EDA) methods are applied on the source utterance during the feature extraction phase. These features are useful in later classification phase, where the identification is made on the basis of support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. Forward loking schostic (FOLOS) is the efficient large-scale SVM algorithm that has been employed for the effective classification among speakers. The evaluation findings indicate that the methods suggested increase the performance for large amounts of data in noise ecosystems

A detailed approach on multiple myeloma and its treatment

Multiple myeloma is a cancer formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. The immune system is composed of several types of cells that work together to fight infections and other diseases. Lymphocytes are the main cell type of the immune system. There are 2 major types of lymphocytes: T cells and B cells. When B cells respond to an infection, they mature and change into plasma cells. Plasma cells make the antibodies that help the body attack and kill germs. Lymphocytes can be found in many areas of the body, such as lymph nodes, the bone marrow, the intestines, and the bloodstream. Plasma cells, however, are mainly found in the bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside some hollow bones. In addition to plasma cells, normal bone marrow has cells that make the different normal blood cells. When plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control they can produce a tumor called a plasmacytoma. These tumors generally develop in a bone, but they are also rarely found in other tissues. If there is only a single plasma cell tumor, it is called an isolated plasmacytoma. When there is more than one plasma cell tumor, it is called ‘multiple myeloma’. There are lot of plasma cell abnormalities, but multiple myeloma causes severe bone pain, so here we covered detailed notes on the disease and its treatment strategies

Review Paper: Procuring Frequent and Sequential Items to Improve Product Sales in E-Commerce Sites

Increase in e-commerce industry has lead to availability of large amounts of data. Data is an important for everyone. There are hundreds of websites being deployed and each site offers millions of products. This means that there is a substantial amount of information being provided resulting in information overload and in turn results in reduced customer satisfaction and interest. Presenting frequent and sequential patterns in e-commerce sites results in increase of sales of products without delay. Different association rule mining techniques can be used for generating frequent and sequential patterns