Vanishing Frontiers: a Javanese Plantation Emplacement, 1870s – 2000s

The introduction of the Agrarian Law of 1870 led hundreds of would-be Dutch planters to try their luck in the plantation business. Soon, dots of settlements where coolies from lowlands were housed emerged on the island map. Plantation emplacements were different from ordinary villages, as they were established mainly to keep the labor force ready to work. They were regimented villages. Using data collected from Jolotigo tea plantation in Central Java, this paper discusses how a plantation emplacement was established, reached its heyday, and eventually dissolved in the course of history. I will use this discussion to question the old thesis of the domination of workers by capitalistic enterprises. Is a capitalistic plantation company really powerful enough to control workers in order to guarantee its business interests

Vanishing Frontiers: A Javanese Plantation Emplacement, 1870s – 2000s

The introduction of the Agrarian Law of 1870 led hundreds of would-be Dutch planters to try their luck in the plantation business. Soon, dots of settlements where coolies from lowlands were housed emerged on the island map. Plantation emplacements were different from ordinary villages, as they were established mainly to keep the labor force ready to work. They were regimented villages. Using data collected from Jolotigo tea plantation in Central Java, this paper discusses how a plantation emplacement was established, reached its heyday, and eventually dissolved in the course of history. I will use this discussion to question the old thesis of the domination of workers by capitalistic enterprises. Is a capitalistic plantation company really powerful enough to control workers in order to guarantee its business interests

OTONOMI DAERAH DI SEKTOR PENANGKAPAN IKAN

This article attempts to discuss the impact of the enactment of Law No. 22 of 1999 on regional decentralization on maritime areas in Indonesia. The Law No. 22 of 1999 is a clear-cut regulation of the division of management of maritime areas between province and regency (district). The province is entrusted with the task of managing twelve miles off the coast, and one –third of which should be under the jurisdiction of the regency. Scrutinizing of such regulation, the writer is of the opinion that such demarcation of maritime areas will only complicate of problems facing the fisheries sector in Indonesia. Traditional/cultural fishermen consider the sea as an open frontier for everybody. Which is why, whenever there is a party that claims ownership of the sea it, will invite vehement protests from fishermen, as according to them, there is already a mechanism in place to regulate fishing activities. For that reason, the writer recommends the regional government to desist from laying claims to the sea, since they will never be able to effectively control it. The government should instead focus its attention on enforcing the rules of fishing equipment as well as creating competitive fish markets, which should attract fishermen to land their catch in such areas

Okupansi Kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy 1812) di Hutan Tropis Dataran Rendah di Kemuning, Bejen, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah

Faktor kehilangan/berkurangnya habitat, dan fragmentasi habitat dapat memberikan dampak buruk terhadap kukang Jawa (Nycticebus javanicus), satwa primata nokturnal yang tergolong dalam kategori Critically Endangered. Kukang Jawa yang hidup di hutan yang terfragmentasi merasakan dampak negatif dari faktor- faktor tersebut dan hal tersebut juga dapat memengaruhi okupansi dalam sebuah kawasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi okupansi habitat oleh kukang Jawa di hutan dataran rendah yang terfragmentasi di Kemuning, Temanggung, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia. Untuk mem­perkirakan proporsi penggunaan wilayah, probabilitas detek­si (detection probability) dan faktor – faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap okupansi habitat oleh kukang Jawa, kami menggunakan occupancy model of a single-season. Sebanyak 5 kali ulangan survei malam pada tahun 2017 digunakan sebagai data pokok di dalam model okupansi. Metode pengambilan data lingkungan dan data anthropogenic menggunakan observasi lapangan dan interview dengan masyarakat lokal. Kami membagi lokasi penelitian menjadi 141 grid dengan ukuran 200 m x 200 m (4 ha) sebagai acuan dalam survei malam dengan jalur. Data kovariat lingkungan yang diukur adalah jarak dari jalan, jarak dari tepi hutan, jarak dari pemukiman, jarak dari sumber air, ketinggian tempat, dan kemiringan lahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kukang Jawa menghuni habitat sekitar 23,2% dari keseluruhan areal di hutan Kemuning. Jarak dari jalan dan jarak dari sumber air (sungai) berkorelasi positif terhadap tingkat hunian, sedang jarak dari pemukiman berkorelasi negatif terhadap tingkat hunian dari kukang Jawa. Data dan informasi kuantitatif yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini penting untuk mengetahui kebutuhan sumber daya jangka panjang populasi kukang Jawa khususnya di hutan Kemuning. Selanjutnya diharapkan pemerintah Indonesia atau stakeholder terkait dapat melakukan upaya konservasi dan rencana strategi pengelolaan spesies kukang Jawa dengan baik khususnya di hutan dataran rendah yang terfragmentasi.Occupancy of Javan Slow Loris (Nyticebus javanicus E. Geoffroy 1812) in Kemuning Tropical Low Land Forest, Bejen, Temanggung, Central Java Abstract Habitat loss and landscape fragmentation have a negative impact on the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus), a Critically Endangered nocturnal primate species. Slow lorises in remaining forest fragments might be suffered and affect their occupancy behavior. We aim to investigate the determinant factors for the probability of habitat occupancy by the javan slow loris in Kemuning forest fragment of Temanggung District, Central Java. To estimate the site occupancy rate, detection probability, and the determinant factor of site use by Nycticebus javanicus, we employed the occupancy model of a single-season using night surveys. Five repeated night surveys in 2017 were used as the main basis data for the occupancy model. We used direct observation and interview with locals to collect data on environmental and anthropogenic features. We divided the study area into 141 grids with 200 m x 200 m (4 ha) each which were the basis for the night survey following existing walking paths. The influence of six covariates was assessed to determine of site use by Nycticebus javanicus: distance to road, distance to forest edge, distance to the settlement, distance to water source, altitude, and elevation. The result shows that the probability of site use occupied by Nycticebus javanicus was 23.2% of the total area. Distance to roads and distance to water source have a positive correlation with the probability of site use, whereas the influence of distance to settlements has a negative correlation with the site use of the species. Such quantitative data and information gained in this research are important to know for the long term resource needs of the Nycticebus javanicus, especially in the Kemuning forest. Therefore, the Indonesian Government or related stakeholders can formulate the detail conservation plans of the species, especially in the lowland fragmented tropical forest

The Importance of Unprotected Areas as Habitat for The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) on Java, Indonesia

Protected areas play important roles for protecting many endangered species in Indonesia. However, very limited information regarding roles of protected areas and non-protected areas for supporting the habitat of less-concerned carnivores in Java, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis). We aim to assess the relative roles of non-protected areas for the habitat of this cat on the highly fragmented and populated island of Java. We develop species distribution modelling, using Maxent by integrating various sources of presence data of this species and environmental data. Our finding confirms that leopard cat can life in various habitat types but mainly patchy forest areas. While most of the protected areas are suitable for the habitat of this smallest cat on Java, the non-protected areas provide much larger areas for its habitat (66.8 %). Our findings highlighted the importance of maintaining connectivity among habitat patches in non-protected areas, habitat protection using current government policy on high conservation value forest and essential ecosystems areas. Pentingnya Kawasan Non Lindung sebagai Habitat Kucing Hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) di Jawa, IndonesiaIntisariKawasan lindung memainkan peran penting dalam melindungi banyak spesies yang terancam punah di Indonesia. Walaupun demikian, informasi mengenai peran kawasan lindung dan kawasan non lindung untuk mendukung habitat karnivora yang kurang mendapat perhatian di Jawa, kucing hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis), sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran kawasan non lindung sebagai habitat kucing hutan di Pulau Jawa, pulau yang sangat terfragmentasi dan padat penduduk. Kami mengembangkan pemodelan distribusi spesies, menggunakan Maxent dengan mengintegrasikan berbagai sumber data kehadiran spesies kucing hutan dan data lingkungan. Temuan kami menegaskan bahwa kucing hutan dapat hidup di berbagai jenis habitat tetapi habitat utamanya adalah kawasan hutan yang agak terbuka. Meskipun sebagian besar kawasan lindung sesuai untuk habitat kucing terkecil di Jawa ini, kawasan non lindung justru menyediakan area yang jauh lebih besar untuk habitat kucing hutan (66,8 %). Temuan kami juga menyoroti pentingnya menjaga konektivitas antar habitat di kawasan non lindung dan perlindungan habitat dengan menggunakan kebijakan pemerintah saat ini tentang hutan Bernilai Konservasi Tinggi dan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial

�WHEN WATER NOT DROP TO THE POOR�: STUDY OF WATER RESOURCE ACCESSIBILITY IN GUNUNGKIDUL KARSTIC HILL

K The common perception of people is that Gunung idul is a marginal area, rocky and drought. Thus, the issue of drought that caused the local people unable to gain access to water for their domestic needs is getting more and more familiar in public opinion. On other words, nature has always been judged of the scarcity of the water. geo This research answers the issue of the water scarcity from a different perspective. Through a spatial approach the author found that the fact Gunung Kidul is not a water scarce area, in fact that this area has an abundant water reservoir. Since 2005, PDAM has been selling the water to the public. But not all of the people can afford to pay for the water. In this case, economic factor is the cause of the water scarcity. In the context of agrarian society of Gunung sewu, the gap of the water accessibility is influenced by the factor of social-economic differentiation of the people. By that, the accessibility can be conceptualized as the capability to interact with the source of economic- subsistence. social The concept of -economic differentiation refers to the agrarian society stratification based on the ownership of the land and capital that caused the gap in the distribution of production, income and subsistence. Based on the field study and spatial analysis in Dukuh Klepu, Desa Karangasem, Kecamatan Ponjong, Kabupaten Gunung Kidul, the auhor found that the poor farmers are the group who are unable to gain access to the paid-water. Based on observation participation, combined with Geographical Information System (GIS), the author tries to describe the influence of geospatial element that affects the social-economic differentiation, and how the social-economic differentiation of the people of Gunung Kidul-Karst Gunungsewu affects the accessibility of PDAM water

�Ngalap Berkahe Eyang� Arena Politik dan Arena Ekonomi dalam Peziarahan Gunung Kawi

The pilgrimage ritual on Gunung Kawi (Mount. Kawi) is a phenomenon in religion and belief as well as in economics and politics. The pilgrimage on Gunung Kawi has developed from a sacred tomb to diverse rituals surrounding the place which is in line with the increasing number of visitors to the place, from Chinese and Javanese ethnic groups as well as interfaith and cross-region. It has developed into a center of ritual and further into an economic center. The pilgrimage on Gunung Kawi subsequently led to a variety of economic enterprises that rely on pilgrim rituals, either in services such as tour guides, lodging/hotels, parking, trading in form of stalls, spontaneous traditional market, etc., or the ritual itself that produces economic income in a large scale. All the activities are associated with ritual activity and generate material profits / economic directly and indirectly know as �ritual-economic activity�. The development of Gunung Kawi as a ritual center and later as an economic center has resulted to economic competition and political arena. This condition initiated from early in the history of the pilgrimage until now, in which the parties compete for roles to dominate the strategic position economically and politically in the �ritual-economic activities�. In the competition, there is a political economic rationality associated with a person or a party to achieve their objectives and retain what they have earned. Political economy in ritualeconomic activity is a hidden rationality, not open to the public, in contrast to the view that rationality of berkah that all income gained from ritual economic activity is �berkahe Eyang� (blessings from the sacred being) and other forms of economic activity such as keeping the ritual places as Jurukunci, Cantrik, Modin, inn keepers and so on are a form of �devotion�. Political and economic dynamics that occur in the pilgrimage on Gunung Kawi ultimately form a social structure that organizes pilgrimage activities and ritualeconomic activities there. Pesarean (ritual area) as the ritual and economic center has been organized and managed in such a way to be a pattern that is similar to a state or �Pesarean state� managed by Ngestigondo Foundation in which the management consists of the chairperson by a �perdana menteri� or �prime minister�, a �king� by a Jurukunci, the �apparatus� by the employees and the people by the merchants