411 research outputs found
Modelling climate sensitivity of debris-covered glaciers
The common occurrence of debris-covered glaciers in high-mountain areas makes their response to climate change relevant. The insulating effect of debris cover on surface melt causes debris-covered glaciers behave differently from debris-free glaciers, warranting the use of a specialized model for predictions. In this thesis, the 2D flowline DEBISO model (Ferguson and Vieli, 2021) is used in assessing the response of debris-covered glaciers to abstract and realistic climate change. The model calculates the transport and effect of debris cover, while incorporating the formation of ice cliffs on stagnant termini as a melt-enhancing process in retreat. Two new additions to the model are made and analyzed: the curve of insulation by debris cover thickness is fit to field and literature data, and the formation of ice cliffs in the entire ablation area through supraglacial streams is added to the model. Results show that previous estimates might have overestimated the insulation effect. Response to climate changes shows significant lag consistent with observations and previous studies, which is heavily dependent on parameters like size, debris cover, and bed geometry. The lag in response leads to a dichotomy in retreat between easy re-advance for short-term warming, and more difficult readvance following long-term warming like measured and projected climate change over the 20th and 21st century. As a consequence of this lag, length response from short-term changes in climate is often minimal, making the establishment of a relationship of volume as a derivative of climate possible. Both new additions
to the model resulted in a significantly weakened insulating effect, leading to behavior in retreat and advance more similar to debris-free glaciers
Parallel Data Helps Neural Entity Coreference Resolution
Coreference resolution is the task of finding expressions that refer to the
same entity in a text. Coreference models are generally trained on monolingual
annotated data but annotating coreference is expensive and challenging.
Hardmeier et al.(2013) have shown that parallel data contains latent anaphoric
knowledge, but it has not been explored in end-to-end neural models yet. In
this paper, we propose a simple yet effective model to exploit coreference
knowledge from parallel data. In addition to the conventional modules learning
coreference from annotations, we introduce an unsupervised module to capture
cross-lingual coreference knowledge. Our proposed cross-lingual model achieves
consistent improvements, up to 1.74 percentage points, on the OntoNotes 5.0
English dataset using 9 different synthetic parallel datasets. These
experimental results confirm that parallel data can provide additional
coreference knowledge which is beneficial to coreference resolution tasks.Comment: camera-ready version; to appear in the Findings of ACL 202
Exploring Predictive Uncertainty and Calibration in NLP: A Study on the Impact of Method & Data Scarcity
We investigate the problem of determining the predictive confidence (or,
conversely, uncertainty) of a neural classifier through the lens of
low-resource languages. By training models on sub-sampled datasets in three
different languages, we assess the quality of estimates from a wide array of
approaches and their dependence on the amount of available data. We find that
while approaches based on pre-trained models and ensembles achieve the best
results overall, the quality of uncertainty estimates can surprisingly suffer
with more data. We also perform a qualitative analysis of uncertainties on
sequences, discovering that a model's total uncertainty seems to be influenced
to a large degree by its data uncertainty, not model uncertainty. All model
implementations are open-sourced in a software package
The theology of radical evangelicalism
Text in GermanThe present dissertation considers the historical and theological foundations of radical evangelicalism
and puts it in the context of theologies which influenced it and are similar to it. It will be demonstrated
that the evangelicals are enriched by radical evangelicalism - an evangelical basic concept with elements
of anabaptism, the social gospel, liberation theology and the ecumencial theologies. Thus it will
be demonstrated that radical theology is genuinely evangelical, yet is capable of overcoming the one
sidedness of western evangelical theology. Special attention is given to the contributions of radicals
from North America as well as from Latin America since they are of considerable importance to radical
evangelicalism.
The aim of the dissertation is to present radical evangelicalism, to critically evaluate it, and to make it
profitable to the European evangelical scene. The first section names the sources from which radical
theology flowed. The second section reviews the historical development of radical evangelicalism. It
will be demonstrated that, in the thirty years of its existence, radical evangelicalism has become a
significant factor within the worldwide evangelical movement. The third section presents the fundamental
characteristics of radical theology within a selection of themes. It demonstrates that the radicals
have confronted the evangelical movement with a transforming theory of mission, which shows itself
to be relevant for today's pressing problems. The fourth section describes the social action of radical
evangelicalism and demonstrates that the energetic theology of the radicals is in fact based on a compelling
spirituality. The fifth section records the results of the investigation and presents conclusions
for praxis and further theological study.Die voriiegende Dissertation erfasst die geschichtlichen und theologischen Grundlinien des radikalen
Evangelikalismus und stellt ihn in den Kontext ahnlicher und ihn beeinflussender Theologien. Es wird
aufgezeigt, dass der radikale Evangelikalismus eine evangelikale Grundkonzeption mit Elementen des
Anabaptismus, des Social Gospel, der Befreiungstheologie und der Theologien im Umfeld des Okumenischen
Rates der Kirchen bereichert Dabei wird deutlich, dass die radikale Theologie genuin evangelikal
ist, die Einseitigkeiten der westlichen evangelikalen Theologie aber zu uberwinden vermag.
Besondere Aufmerksamkeit ist den Beitragen radikaler Nord- und Lateinamerikaner gewidmet, da
diese den radikalen Evangelikalismus wesentlich gepragt haben.
Ziel ist es, den radikalen Evangelikalismus darzustellen, kritisch zu wiirdigen und fur die europaische
evangelikale Szene fruchtbar zu machen. Der erste Teil nennt die Quellen, aus denen sich die radikale
Theologie speist. Der zweite Teil zeichnet den geschichtlichen Werdegang des radikalen Evangelikalismus
nach. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass der radikale Evangelikalismus in den dreissig Jahren seines
Bestehens zu einem bestimmenden Faktor in der weltweiten evangelikalen Bewegung geworden ist.
Der dritte Teil stellt die Grundzuge der radikalen Theologie mittels ausgewahlter Themen dar. Er zeigt
auf, dass die Radikalen die evangelikale Bewegung mit einer transformatorischen Missionstheorie
konfrontiert haben, die relevant fur die drangenden Probleme der Gegenwart ist. Der vierte Teil stellt
die soziale Aktion des radikalen Evangelikalismus dar und zeigt auf, dass die energische Theologie
der Radikalen im Grande genommen zur Tat driingende Spirituality ist. Der funfte Teil halt die Ergebnisse
der Untersuchung fest und zieht Folgerungen fur die Praxis und das weitere theologische
Arbeiten.Christian Spirituality, Church History and MissiologyM.Th. (Missiology
Exploring the Importance of Source Text in Automatic Post-Editing for Context-Aware Machine Translation
Accurate translation requires document-level information, which is ignored by sentence-level machine translation. Recent work has demonstrated that document-level consistency can be improved with automatic post-editing (APE) using only target-language (TL) information. We study an extended APE model that additionally integrates source context. A human evaluation of fluency and adequacy in English–Russian translation reveals that the model with access to source context significantly outperforms monolingual APE in terms of adequacy, an effect largely ignored by automatic evaluation metrics. Our results show that TL-only modelling increases fluency without improving adequacy, demonstrating the need for conditioning on source text for automatic post-editing. They also highlight blind spots in automatic methods for targeted evaluation and demonstrate the need for human assessment to evaluate document-level translation quality reliably
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