Regionalzentren in Westungarn: Gewinner der Transformation?; Györ und Pécs in den 1990er Jahren

Eine Folge der neuen regionalen Differenzierungsprozesse der 1990er Jahre ist die divergierende ökonomische und soziale Entwicklung der jeweiligen westlichen und östlichen Regionen innerhalb der ostmitteleuropäischen Transformationsländer. Die Grenzgebiete zum Westen gelten neben den hauptstädtischen Metropolregionen als prosperierende Regionen, die in besonderer Weise am ökonomischen Aufschwung partizipieren. So erfuhren etwa die nordwestlichen Gebiete Ungarns während der 1990er Jahre ein vergleichsweise stabiles Wirtschaftswachstum. Auch innerhalb der erfolgreichen Regionen sind es vor allem die Städte, die die Träger der ökonomischen Prosperität darstellen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die wesentlichen raumstrukturellen Veränderungen zweier ungarischer Regionalstädte, Györ und Pécs, untersucht, wobei insbesondere deren spezifische regionale Bedingungen Berücksichtigung finden. Der strukturelle Wandel beider Städte wird vor allem aus der Perspektive möglicher konvergenter Entwicklungswege zu westeuropäischen Stadtentwicklungen betrachtet. Der strukturelle Wandel und die damit verbundenen Kernstadt-Umland-Prozesse verlaufen sowohl in Györ als auch in Pécs sehr dynamisch. Sie sind mit neuen sozial- und funktionalräumlichen Differenzierungen innerhalb der jeweiligen Stadtregion verbunden. Die räumlichen Differenzierungen beruhen auf einer unterschiedlichen Investitions- und Deinvestitionsdynamik in den verschiedenen Teilräumen der Stadtregion. Die Sanierung der historischen Stadtzentren beider Städte ist mit einer Inwertsetzung des Stadtraumes für den sich schnell entwickelnden tertiären Sektor verbunden. Das derzeitige Siedlungswachstum findet in beiden Städten vor allem in den kleinen Dörfern und Wochenendhausgebieten des Umlandes statt. Neu ist jedoch die Dimension der gegenwärtigen Wohnsuburbanisierung, die zu einem starken Wandel der traditionellen Dorfstrukturen führt. Neuartige räumliche Strukturen finden sich an der Peripherie beider Stadtregionen vor allem durch die Entwicklung des großflächigen Einzelhandels mit regionalen Reichweiten. Nur noch partiell an der lokalen Nachfrage orientiert, stellen die "big boxes" neuen Formen des Einzelhandels dar, die zu einem veränderten Einkaufsverhalten führen. Diese Standorte sind die wichtigsten Elemente der Internationalisierung räumlicher Strukturen in beiden Stadtregionen. Bezüglich der Entwicklung des produzierenden Gewerbes ließen sich bedeutende Unterschiede zwischen beiden Stadtregionen feststellen. Györ kann auf eine überaus erfolgreiche Investitionsentwicklung verweisen. Zwar gibt es auch in Pécs Ansiedlungserfolge auf neuen Industrieflächen, doch ließ sich hier kein derartig dynamisches Wachstum des produzierenden Gewerbes feststellen. Die Bedingungen für die erfolgreichere gewerbliche Entwicklung von Györ im Vergleich zu derjenigen von Pécs ist vor allem auf der regionalen Ebene angesiedelt. Doch sind die geographische Nähe Györs zu Österreich und die weiter entwickelte verkehrstechnische Infrastruktur nicht die einzigen Faktoren der erfolgreichen Entwicklung. Der strukturelle Vorsprung beruht vor allem auch auf der industriellen Tradition und der Konzentration von Betrieben des Maschinen- und Fahrzeugbaus in den nordwestlichen Regionen Ungarn und auf dem bereits vor der ökonomischen Öffnung existierenden Netzwerk von Zulieferfirmen. Die bereits in den 1980er Jahren einsetzende Entwicklung privater Kleinbetriebe hat wesentlich dazu beigetragen, dass sich die in der Region vorhandenen spezialisierten Wissensvorteile in strukturelle Entwicklungsvorteile umsetzen ließen. Pécs dagegen weist bisher aufgrund der ungünstigen verkehrsinfrastrukturellen Situation und Lage innerhalb eines strukturschwachen Umfeldes schlechtere Voraussetzungen für eine beschleunigte Gewerbeentwicklung auf. Der Einbindung der jeweiligen Stadt in die Weltwirtschaft ist von entscheidender Bedeutung für eine konvergente Entwicklung räumlicher Strukturmuster einer Stadtregion. Dies wurde vor allem an den jeweiligen Peripherien beider Städte deutlich, deren Strukturen (Gewerbeparks, großflächiger Einzelhandel, Produktionsstandorte internationaler Unternehmen) darüber Auskunft geben, inwieweit der Raum tatsächlich in globale Zusammenhänge einbezogen ist.One consequence of the new regional differentiation processes of the nineteen nineties is the diversifying economic and social development of the respective western and eastern regions within the transformation countries of eastern central Europe. In addition to the catchment areas around the capital cities, the areas bordering on the West are regarded as being prosperous regions, participating to a large extent in the economic upswing. The north- western regions of Hungary, for example, enjoyed comparably stable economic growth during the nineties. Indeed, the cities within these successful regions carried the economic prosperity to a particular extent. This article analyses the main changes in terms of regional structure in two regional cities in Hungary, Györ and Pécs, whereby it focuses in particular on their specific regional ties. The structural transformation of both cities is considered from the perspective of possible convergent development paths compared to western European city development. The structural development and the consequent core city - suburbia processes are extremely dynamic in Györ and in Pécs. This process is linked to differentiation in social and functional regions within each city area. The regional differences are based on differences in the dynamics of investment and de-investment in the different areas of the city region. The redevelopment of t he historical city centres of both cities is linked to a gentrification of the city region for the fast-developing tertiary sector. The current settlement growth is taking in place in both cities above all in the small villages and weekend home areas around the cities. However, the current dimension of residential suburbanisation is new, which is leading to a marked transformation of the traditional village structures. There are new regional structures on the periphery of both city regions, above all due to the development of expansive retail trade attracting custom on a regional level. The "big boxes" are new forms of retail trade and are only partia lly designed for local demand; they lead to changes in consumer behaviour. These locations are the most important elements in the internationalisation of regional structures in both city regions. There were considerable differences between the two city regions in terms of the development of the manufacturing industry. Györ can draw on an extremely successful investment development. Although Pécs has enjoyed some success in attracting new industry, there has been no comparably dynamic growth in manufacturing industry. The circumstances for the successful industrial development of Györ compared to Pécs are mainly found on a regional level. However, Györ's geographic proximity to Austria and a more developed transport infrastructure are not the only factors for successful development. The structural head start is mainly due to the industrial tradition and the concentration of machine engineering and automobile industries in the north-western regions of Hungary, as well as the existing network of supply firms, which existed even before economic liberalisation. Th e development of small private firms, which set in at the start of the nineteen eighties, made a considerable contribution to the implementation of the regional, specialised know-how to achieve structural advantages in terms of development. Conversely, due to its unfavourable transport infrastructure situation and location within a structurally weak area, Pécs has less promising conditions for fast-track industrial growth. The integration of both cities in the global economy is of decisive importance for the convergent development of regional structure patterns within a city region. This was particularly apparent on the peripheries of both cities, as their structures (industrial parks, expansive retail trade, production plants of international companies) provide information on the extent to which a region is truly part of a global context

Small-scale Dynamo in Cool Stars: I. Changes in stratification and near-surface convection for main-sequence spectral types

Some of the small-scale solar magnetic flux can be attributed to a small-scale dynamo (SSD) operating in the near-surface convection. The SSD fields have consequences for solar granular convection, basal flux, as well as chromospheric heating. A similar SSD mechanism is expected to be active in the near-surface convection of other cool main-sequence stars, but this has never been investigated. We aim to investigate changes in stratification and convection due to inclusion of SSD fields for F3V, G2V, K0V and M0V spectral types in the near-surface convection. 3D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models of the four stellar boxes, covering the subsurface convection zone up to the lower photosphere in a small cartesian box, are studied using the \textit{MURaM} radiative-MHD simulation code. The SSD runs are compared against reference hydrodynamic runs. An SSD is found to efficiently produce magnetic field with energies ranging between 5\% to 80\% of the plasma kinetic energy at different depths. This ratio tends to be larger for larger $T_{\mathrm{eff}}$. The relative change in density and gas pressure stratification for the deeper convective layers due to SSD magnetic fields is negligible, except for the F-star. For the F-star, there is a substantial reduction in convective velocities due to Lorentz force feedback from magnetic fields, which, in turn, reduces the turbulent pressure. SSD in near-surface convection for cool main-sequence stars introduces small but significant changes in thermodynamic stratification (especially for the F-star) due to reduction in convective velocities.Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures, accepted for publication in A&

Flame Characteristics and Response of a High-Pressure LOX/CNG Rocket Combustor with Large Optical Access

Hot-fire tests were performed with a single-injector research combustor featuring a large optical access (255 × 38 mm) for flame imaging. These tests were conducted with the propellant combination of liquid oxygen and compressed natural gas (LOX/CNG) at conditions relevant for main- and upper-stage engines. The large optical access enabled synchronized flame imaging using OH* and CH* radiation wavelengths covering an area of the combustion chamber from the injection plane to shortly before the contraction section of the nozzle for two sets of operating conditions. Combined with temperature, pressure and unsteady pressure measurements, these data provide a high-quality basis for validation of numerical modeling. Flame width and opening angle were extracted from the imaging in order to determine the flame topology. A two dimensional Rayleigh Index was calculated for an acoustically unexcited and excited interval. These Rayleigh Indices are in good agreement with the thermoacoustic state of the chamber

Global survey of the frequency of atrial fibrillation-associated stroke: embolic stroke of undetermined source global registry

Background and Purpose—Atrial fibrillation (AF) is increasingly recognized as the single most important cause of disabling ischemic stroke in the elderly. We undertook an international survey to characterize the frequency of AF-associated stroke, methods of AF detection, and patient features. Methods—Consecutive patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke in 2013 to 2014 were surveyed from 19 stroke research centers in 19 different countries. Data were analyzed by global regions and World Bank income levels. Results—Of 2144 patients with ischemic stroke, 590 (28%; 95% confidence interval, 25.6–29.5) had AF-associated stroke, with highest frequencies in North America (35%) and Europe (33%) and lowest in Latin America (17%). Most had a history of AF before stroke (15%) or newly detected AF on electrocardiography (10%); only 2% of patients with ischemic stroke had unsuspected AF detected by poststroke cardiac rhythm monitoring. The mean age and 30-day mortality rate of patients with AF-associated stroke (75 years; SD, 11.5 years; 10%; 95% confidence interval, 7.6–12.6, respectively) were substantially higher than those of patients without AF (64 years; SD, 15.58 years; 4%; 95% confidence interval, 3.3–5.4; P<0.001 for both comparisons). There was a strong positive correlation between the mean age and the frequency of AF (r=0.76; P=0.0002). Conclusions—This cross-sectional global sample of patients with recent ischemic stroke shows a substantial frequency of AF-associated stroke throughout the world in proportion to the mean age of the stroke population. Most AF is identified by history or electrocardiography; the yield of conventional short-duration cardiac rhythm monitoring is relatively low. Patients with AF-associated stroke were typically elderly (>75 years old) and more often women

LEMUR: Large European Module for solar Ultraviolet Research. European contribution to JAXA's Solar-C mission

Understanding the solar outer atmosphere requires concerted, simultaneous solar observations from the visible to the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and soft X-rays, at high spatial resolution (between 0.1" and 0.3"), at high temporal resolution (on the order of 10 s, i.e., the time scale of chromospheric dynamics), with a wide temperature coverage (0.01 MK to 20 MK, from the chromosphere to the flaring corona), and the capability of measuring magnetic fields through spectropolarimetry at visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Simultaneous spectroscopic measurements sampling the entire temperature range are particularly important. These requirements are fulfilled by the Japanese Solar-C mission (Plan B), composed of a spacecraft in a geosynchronous orbit with a payload providing a significant improvement of imaging and spectropolarimetric capabilities in the UV, visible, and near-infrared with respect to what is available today and foreseen in the near future. The Large European Module for solar Ultraviolet Research (LEMUR), described in this paper, is a large VUV telescope feeding a scientific payload of high-resolution imaging spectrographs and cameras. LEMUR consists of two major components: a VUV solar telescope with a 30 cm diameter mirror and a focal length of 3.6 m, and a focal-plane package composed of VUV spectrometers covering six carefully chosen wavelength ranges between 17 and 127 nm. The LEMUR slit covers 280" on the Sun with 0.14" per pixel sampling. In addition, LEMUR is capable of measuring mass flows velocities (line shifts) down to 2 km/s or better. LEMUR has been proposed to ESA as the European contribution to the Solar C mission.Comment: 35 pages, 14 figures. To appear on Experimental Astronom

Is the High-resolution Coronal Imager Resolving Coronal Strands? Results from AR 12712

Following the success of the first mission, the High-Resolution Coronal Imager (Hi-C) was launched for a third time (Hi-C 2.1) on 2018 May 29 from the White Sands Missile Range, NM, USA. On this occasion, 329 s of 17.2 nm data of target active region AR 12712 were captured with a cadence of ≈4 s, and a plate scale of 0farcs129 pixel−1. Using data captured by Hi-C 2.1 and co-aligned observations from SDO/AIA 17.1 nm, we investigate the widths of 49 coronal strands. We search for evidence of substructure within the strands that is not detected by AIA, and further consider whether these strands are fully resolved by Hi-C 2.1. With the aid of multi-scale Gaussian normalization, strands from a region of low emission that can only be visualized against the contrast of the darker, underlying moss are studied. A comparison is made between these low-emission strands and those from regions of higher emission within the target active region. It is found that Hi-C 2.1 can resolve individual strands as small as ≈202 km, though the more typical strand widths seen are ≈513 km. For coronal strands within the region of low emission, the most likely width is significantly narrower than the high-emission strands at ≈388 km. This places the low-emission coronal strands beneath the resolving capabilities of SDO/AIA, highlighting the need for a permanent solar observatory with the resolving power of Hi-C

Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Subgroup analyses from previous studies suggest that anticoagulation could reduce recurrent stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesised that anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke compared with aspirin among patients with PFO enrolled in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Methods: NAVIGATE ESUS was a double-blinded, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 459 centres in 31 countries that assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary stroke prevention in patients with ESUS. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, cohorts with and without PFO were defined on the basis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrent ischaemic stroke between treatment groups. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, according to the criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The primary analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. Additionally, we did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies in which patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO were randomly assigned to receive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. Findings: Between Dec 23, 2014, and Sept 20, 2017, 7213 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n=3609) or aspirin (n=3604). Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 months because of early trial termination. PFO was reported as present in 534 (7·4%) patients on the basis of either TTE or TOE. Patients with PFO assigned to receive aspirin had a recurrent ischaemic stroke rate of 4·8 events per 100 person-years compared with 2·6 events per 100 person-years in those treated with rivaroxaban. Among patients with known PFO, there was insufficient evidence to support a difference in risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke between rivaroxaban and aspirin (hazard ratio [HR] 0·54; 95% CI 0·22–1·36), and the risk was similar for those without known PFO (1·06; 0·84–1·33; pinteraction=0·18). The risks of major bleeding with rivaroxaban versus aspirin were similar in patients with PFO detected (HR 2·05; 95% CI 0·51–8·18) and in those without PFO detected (HR 2·82; 95% CI 1·69–4·70; pinteraction=0·68). The random-effects meta-analysis combined data from NAVIGATE ESUS with data from two previous trials (PICSS and CLOSE) and yielded a summary odds ratio of 0·48 (95% CI 0·24–0·96; p=0·04) for ischaemic stroke in favour of anticoagulation, without evidence of heterogeneity. Interpretation: Among patients with ESUS who have PFO, anticoagulation might reduce the risk of recurrent stroke by about half, although substantial imprecision remains. Dedicated trials of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy or PFO closure, or both, are warranted. Funding: Bayer and Janssen

Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial

Background: Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a contributor to embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS). Subgroup analyses from previous studies suggest that anticoagulation could reduce recurrent stroke compared with antiplatelet therapy. We hypothesised that anticoagulant treatment with rivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, would reduce the risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke compared with aspirin among patients with PFO enrolled in the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Methods: NAVIGATE ESUS was a double-blinded, randomised, phase 3 trial done at 459 centres in 31 countries that assessed the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban versus aspirin for secondary stroke prevention in patients with ESUS. For this prespecified subgroup analysis, cohorts with and without PFO were defined on the basis of transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE). The primary efficacy outcome was time to recurrent ischaemic stroke between treatment groups. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding, according to the criteria of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. The primary analyses were based on the intention-to-treat population. Additionally, we did a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies in which patients with cryptogenic stroke and PFO were randomly assigned to receive anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. Findings: Between Dec 23, 2014, and Sept 20, 2017, 7213 participants were enrolled and assigned to receive rivaroxaban (n=3609) or aspirin (n=3604). Patients were followed up for a mean of 11 months because of early trial termination. PFO was reported as present in 534 (7·4%) patients on the basis of either TTE or TOE. Patients with PFO assigned to receive aspirin had a recurrent ischaemic stroke rate of 4·8 events per 100 person-years compared with 2·6 events per 100 person-years in those treated with rivaroxaban. Among patients with known PFO, there was insufficient evidence to support a difference in risk of recurrent ischaemic stroke between rivaroxaban and aspirin (hazard ratio [HR] 0·54; 95% CI 0·22–1·36), and the risk was similar for those without known PFO (1·06; 0·84–1·33; pinteraction=0·18). The risks of major bleeding with rivaroxaban versus aspirin were similar in patients with PFO detected (HR 2·05; 95% CI 0·51–8·18) and in those without PFO detected (HR 2·82; 95% CI 1·69–4·70; pinteraction=0·68). The random-effects meta-analysis combined data from NAVIGATE ESUS with data from two previous trials (PICSS and CLOSE) and yielded a summary odds ratio of 0·48 (95% CI 0·24–0·96; p=0·04) for ischaemic stroke in favour of anticoagulation, without evidence of heterogeneity. Interpretation: Among patients with ESUS who have PFO, anticoagulation might reduce the risk of recurrent stroke by about half, although substantial imprecision remains. Dedicated trials of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy or PFO closure, or both, are warranted. Funding: Bayer and Janssen