The duration of intestinal immunity after an inactivated poliovirus vaccine booster dose in children immunized with oral vaccine: a randomized controlled trial

Background. In 2014, 2 studies showed that inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) boosts intestinal immunity in children previously immunized with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). As a result, IPV was introduced in mass campaigns to help achieve polio eradication. Methods. We conducted an open-label, randomized, controlled trial to assess the duration of the boost in intestinal immunity following a dose of IPV given to OPV-immunized children. Nine hundred healthy children in Vellore, India, aged 1–4 years were randomized (1:1:1) to receive IPV at 5 months (arm A), at enrollment (arm B), or no vaccine (arm C). The primary outcome was poliovirus shedding in stool 7 days after bivalent OPV challenge at 11 months. Results. For children in arms A, B, and C, 284 (94.7%), 297 (99.0%), and 296 (98.7%), respectively, were eligible for primary per-protocol analysis. Poliovirus shedding 7 days after challenge was less prevalent in arms A and B compared with C (24.6%, 25.6%, and 36.4%, respectively; risk ratio 0.68 [95% confidence interval: 0.53–0.87] for A versus C, and 0.70 [0.55–0.90] for B versus C). Conclusions. Protection against poliovirus remained elevated 6 and 11 months after an IPV boost, although at a lower level than reported at 1 month

Social Media Marketing und Kapitalisierungsmöglichkeiten im Spitzensport Eine empirische Erfolgsfaktorenanalyse im Rahmen der 1. Fußball-Bundesliga

Unprecedented homoleptic octathioether macrocyclic coordination to Na⁺ in [Na([24]­aneS₈)]⁺ has been achieved by using Na­[B­{3,5-(CF₃)₂-C₆H₃}₄] as a source of “naked” Na⁺ ions and confirmed crystallographically, with <i>d</i>(Na–S) = 2.9561(15)–3.0524(15) Å. Density functional theory calculations show that there is electron transfer from the S 3p and C 2p valence orbitals of the ligand to the 3s and 3p orbitals of the Na⁺ ion upon complexation