Complicações respiratórias pós-operatórias em cirurgia bariátrica: revisão da literatura

Obesidade é um problema de saúde pública mundial com altos índices de morbi-mortalidade. A cirurgia bariátrica tem sido o tratamento mais usado e desperta atenção para seu desenvolvimento e resultados. Porém, até o momento, não há revisão sobre a incidência de complicações respiratórias nesta população. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar a literatura sobre as complicações respiratórias após cirurgias bariátricas convencionais com a utilização das bases de dados PubMed, Cochrane e Scielo buscando os termos: complicações, pulmonar, pós-operatório e cirurgia bariátrica. Os limites foram os últimos dez anos, adultos, inglês e espanhol. Encontramos 69 artigos e utilizamos 21. As complicações respiratórias mais observadas em cirurgia bariátrica são: embolia pulmonar, atelectasias e pneumonia, estando relacionadas à idade e à hipoventilação. A obesidade mórbida está associada a disfunções respiratórias, incluindo diminuição da resistência cardiorrespiratória e dispneia, sendo as alterações mais comuns: diminuição da ventilação e da complacência torácica, taquipneia e aumento do trabalho muscular respiratório, com altos índices de hipoxemia e fadiga respiratória. Nossos resultados mostram que embolia pulmonar, atelectasias e pneumonias são as complicações respiratórias mais incidentes em cirurgias bariátricas convencionais, sendo os idosos ou portadores de síndrome da hipoventilação e apneia obstrutiva do sono os que apresentam maior risco de desenvolvê-las.Obesity is a public health problem worldwide because of the high rates of morbimortality. Bariatric surgery has been the most often treatment and attracts attention on its development and results. However, there is no review about the incidence of respiratory complications in this population. The aim of this study was to review the literature on respiratory complications in conventional bariatric surgery utilizing the databases PubMed, Scielo and Cochrane. The terms searched were complications, pulmonary, postoperative care and bariatric surgery, and the limits, the last ten years, adults, English and Spanish. We found 69 articles, and used 21, showing that the most common respiratory complications in bariatric surgery are pulmonary embolism, atelectasis and pneumonia, being related to age and the presence of hypoventilation. Morbid obesity is associated with respiratory dysfunction, including decreased cardiorespiratory endurance and dyspnea, being the most common changes: the decrease in ventilation and chest wall compliance, and tachypnea and respiratory muscle workload, with high rates of hypoxemia and respiratory fatigue. Our results suggest that pulmonary embolism, atelectasis and pneumonia are the pulmonary complications with the highest incidences in conventional bariatric surgery, and elderly and patients with hypoventilation or syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea have higher risk of developing postoperative pulmonary complications

Intravenous anti-TNF-alpha antibody therapy leads to elevated triglyceride and reduced HDL-cholesterol levels in patients with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis

Background & Aims: We investigated the effect of Infliximab, an anti TNF-alpha antibody, on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Methods: Five male and 10 female patients with a mean age of 56.7 years were included in this study. Seven of the patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis and 8 patients with psoriatic arthritis. All patients received infusions of 3mg/kg Infliximab (at week 0, 2 and 6). Lipids, lipoproteins and standard clinical parameters were assessed at baseline (0 week), after 2 weeks, and in 4 patients after 6 weeks. Results: There was a significant increase in triglyceride levels during treatment with Infliximab (112 48 versus 133 +/- 53 mg/dl, p < 0.01). In contrast, HDL-cholesterol levels were significantly lowered (56 12 versus 50 13 mg/dl, p < 0.006) by the treatment. There was no significant difference in total cholesterol (209 25 versus 205 +/- 36 mg/dl) or in LDL-cholesterol (131 +/- 24 versus 118 +/- 43 mg/dl) before and after treatment. Similarly, lipoprotein(a) levels did not alter during treatment (median: 1.1 versus 1.4 mg/dl). Conclusion: This study shows that intravenous Infliximab therapy leads to changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in patients with rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis and may result in a more atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein profile. Although larger patient numbers need to be studied to confirm our findings, these results suggest that lipid levels should be checked and monitored in patients receiving Infliximab therapy, particularly in patients with vascular disease

Continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic long distance runners

Marathon running is growing in popularity, and many diabetic patients are participating in various marathon races all over the world each year. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and extent of glycemic excursions (hypo- and hyperglycemic) during a marathon run in patients with well-controlled diabetes mellitus using a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). Five subjects with type 1 and one patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus were monitored with the Medtronic MiniMed CGMS during the 2002 Vienna City Marathon (n = 3) or the Fernwarme run (n = 3) long distance runs of 42.19/15.8 km. All six patients finished their course. The CGSM system was well tolerated in all patients over an average duration of 34 +/- 4.0 hours and it did not limit the patients' activities. The mean running time for the Vienna city marathon was 257 +/- 8 min (247 to 274 min) and for the Fernwarme run 134 +/- 118 min (113 to 150 min). A total of 1470 blood glucose measurements (mean 245 readings per subject) were performed. During and after the marathons frequent hypo and hyperglycemic episodes with and without clinical symptoms were measured. Our data confirm that the CGMS may help to identify asymptomatic hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia during and after a long distance run. The system may also be helpful to improve our understanding about the individual changes of glucose during and after a marathon and may protect hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic periods in future races

HFE genotyping demonstrates a significant incidence of hemochromatosis in up differentiated arthritis

Objective Hereditary hemochromatosis is a common autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism. Among Northern Europeans the carrier frequency is estimated to be I in 10, while up to 1 in 200 is affected by the disease. Arthropathy is one early clinical manifestation of this disease, but the articular features are often misdiagnosed. In this study the two frequent mutations of the HLA-linked hemochromatosis gene (HFE) were investigated, in a rheumatology clinic population. Methods Two hundred and six consecutive patients (mean age 57.7 years; 38 male/168 female) attending a rheumatology clinic over a period of 14 months were screened for HFE mutations (C282Y and H63D). All standard diagnostic procedures were used to identify the aetiology: of the arthropathy. Mutations were evaluated by separation on PAGE of digested PCR amplificates of DNA (by SnapI and Bcl-I, for C282Y and H63D, respectively) obtained from PBMCs. Results The C282Y and H63D allele frequencies were 4.5 and 12.8 inpatients with rheumatic diseases. Five patients were homozygote for H63D (2.4%), and one,for C282Y (0.5%). Five patients were compound heterozygous (2.4%). The observed C282Y allele frequency in rheumatic patients with undifferentiated arthritis was 12.9 and exceeded that of healthy subjects (p = 0.01). Conclusions Determination of the HFE genotype is clinically useful in patients with arthritis of unknown origin, to allow early diagnosis of hemochromatosis

The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective: To compare the effects of a 4-month strength training (ST) versus aerobic endurance training (ET) program on metabolic control, muscle strength, and cardiovascular endurance in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Large public tertiary hospital. Participants: Twenty-two T21) participants (I I men, I I women; mean age +/- standard error, 56.2 +/- 1.1 y; diabetes duration, 8.8 +/- 3.5y) were randomized into a 4-month ST program and 17 T2D participants (9 men, 8 women; mean age, 57.9 +/- 1.4y; diabetes duration, 9.2 +/- 1.7y) into a 4-month ET program. Interventions: ST (up to 6 sets per muscle group per week) and ET (with an intensity of maximal oxygen consumption of 60% and a volume beginning at 15min and advancing to a maximum of 30min 3X/wk) for 4 months. Main Outcome Measures: Laboratory tests included determinations of blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A(1c)), insulin, and lipid assays. Results: A significant decline in Hb A, was only observed in the ST group (8.3% +/- 1.7% to 7.1% +/- 0.2%, P=.001). Blood glucose (204 +/- 16mg/dL to 147 +/- 8mg/dL, P &lt;.001) and insulin resistance (9.11 +/- 1.51 to 7.15 +/- 1.15, P=.04) improved significantly in the ST group, whereas no significant changes were observed in the ET group. Baseline levels of total cholesterol (207 +/- 8mg/dL to 184 +/- 7mg/dL, P &lt;.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (120 +/- 8mg/dL to 106 +/- 8mg/dL, P=.001), and triglyceride levels (229 +/- 25mg/dL to 150 +/- 15mg/dL, P=.001) were significantly reduced and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (43 +/- 3mg/dL to 48 +/- 2mg/dL, P=.004) was significantly increased in the ST group; in contrast, no such changes were seen in the ET group. Conclusions: ST was more effective than ET in improving glycemic control. With the added advantage of an improved lipid profile, we conclude that ST may play an important role in the treatment of T2D